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我国柑橘氮磷钾肥用量及减施潜力

花匠小妙招
2024-12-12 22:14

摘要:

目的

明确我国柑橘主产区氮、磷、钾肥施用现状，为评估化肥减施潜力提供科学依据。

方法

2015年采用问卷调查结合实地走访，调查湖南、江西、湖北、广西、福建、浙江、重庆、四川、广东共9个省份2458户柑橘园单产水平及肥料施用现状。

结果

调查区柑橘权重平均单产为26480 kg/hm2，总体属于偏低水平。柑橘园氮、磷、钾肥年平均用量分别为494、364和397 kg/hm2，比例为1∶0.74∶0.80；99.2%的柑橘园施用化肥，仅47.8%的柑橘园施用有机肥，年均有机氮、磷、钾养分仅占总施用量的9.58%、19.6%和6.24%，有机肥投入严重不足。根据文献统计得出的柑橘建议施肥量推算，我国柑橘氮、磷、钾肥过量施用面积占比分别为57.3%、76.6%、69.1%，氮、磷、钾肥纯养分量分别过量36.2万吨、42.5万吨、35.5万吨，减施潜力分别为28.3%、48.2%和29.0%，其中以磷肥过量比例最高、减施潜力最大，以福建产区和柚类氮、磷、钾过量施用面积比例、过量投入量和减施潜力最大。

结论

我国柑橘平均单产水平偏低，氮、磷、钾肥过量施用严重，减施潜力大。

Abstract:

Objectives

Clarifying the present situation of N, P2O5, K2O fertilizer input is the base to evaluate the potential of reducing fertilizer application in the main citrus orchards of China.

Methods

Field surveys and questionnaires were conducted in the main citrus production areas of China in 2015. The plantation areas, application rate of N, P2O5, K2O fertilizers and the yields of the three main harvested citrus in 2458 households in 9 provinces were obtained, the reducing potential of fertilizer amount was estimated according to the fertilizer recommendation in the open published papers.

Results

In the surveyed provinces, the weighted average yield of citrus was 26480 kg/hm2, and the overall level of the yield is relatively low. The application rates of N, P2O5, K2O fertilizers were 494, 364 and 397 kg/hm2, respectively, with the ratio of 1∶0.74∶0.80. And 99.2% of total surveyed citrus orchards received chemical fertilizers, while only 47.8% received organic manure, merely accounting for 9.58%, 9.6% and 6.24% of total N, P2O5, K2O inputs, meant the organic fertilizer was seriously deficient in citrus orchards. According to the reported fertilizer recommendation for citrus, the excessive applying area of N, P2O5, K2O fertilizer occupied 57.3%, 76.6% and 69.1% of the total citrus area, with excessive amount of 362, 425, and 355 million kilograms, and the corresponding reducing potential of N, P2O5, K2O fertilizers was 28.3%, 48.2% and 29.0%, respectively, the excess proportion of phosphorus fertilizer was the highest, while the N, P2O5, K2O fertilizers excess proportion, amount and reducing potential in orchards in Fujian and Pomelo were all the highest.

Conclusions

The average fruit yield per unit area of citrus in China is low, while the excessive application of N, P2O5, K2O fertilizer in citrus orchards is serious with great reducing potentiality, especially that of phosphorous fertilizer. The largest reducing potential is in pomelo production in Fujian provinc, where has the largest area and rate of excessive application of N, P and K fertilizers.

表 1 我国柑橘主产省份调查区域、样本数与调查面积

Table 1 Sampling number, representative region and area surveyed in the main citrus growing provinces of China

省份
Province有效样本数 (户)
Samples No.调查市 (区)
Surveyed city (region)调查面积 (hm2)
Survey area平均户面积 (hm2)
Average household area 湖北Hubei398宜昌、恩施、十堰
Yichang, Enshi, Shiyan3020.76湖南Hunan365湘西、邵阳、郴州
Xiangxi, Shaoyang, Chenzhou8512.33江西Jiangxi 256赣州、抚州
Ganzhou, Fuzhou879 3.43浙江Zhejiang 266衢州、台州、丽水
Quzhou, Taizhou, Lishui297 1.12福建Fujian 238漳州、泉州、南平
Zhangzhou, Quanzhou, Nanping389 1.64广西Guangxi 267南宁、梧州、玉林、桂林
Nanning, Wuzhou, Yulin, Guilin417 1.56广东Guangdong 360肇庆、惠州、清远、梅州
Zhaoqing, Huizhou, Qingyuan, Meizhou996 2.77四川Sichuan 174泸州、资阳
Luzhou, Ziyang803 4.61重庆Chongqing 134奉节、开县、云阳
Fengjie, Kaixian, Yunyang163 1.22总计Total245850972.00

表 2 我国柑橘主产省份三类柑橘的种植农户数和面积比例

Table 2 Proportion of household number and area of the three citrus species in the main citrus growing provinces of China

省份
Province宽皮柑橘 Mandarin orange甜橙 Sweet orange柚类 Pomelo农户数
Households农户比例
H (%)面积比例
A (%)农户数
Households农户比例
H (%)面积比例
A (%)农户数
Households农户比例
H (%)面积比例
A (%) 湖北Hubei29874.879.1 9924.820.6 10.250.26湖南Hunan21057.548.215542.551.8 00.000.00江西Jiangxi13753.573.911745.725.1 20.781.02浙江Zhejiang21882.043.2 20.750.04 4617.356.7福建Fujian11447.958.8 20.840.1012251.341.1广西Guangxi18770.075.1 20.750.18 4516.816.4广东Guangdong27175.382.2 318.614.59 5615.613.1四川Sichuan 137.470.62 5229.95.19 3721.34.39重庆Chongqing 2317.216.211182.883.8 00.000.00总计Total1471 59.855.357123.218.630912.611.2 注（Note）：H—Proportion of households; A—Proportion of area.

表 3 我国柑橘主产省份单产水平

Table 3 Fruit yield level in citrus orchards of the main producing provinces in China

省份
Province加权平均单产
Weighted average yield
(kg/hm2)分级
Yield level单产水平Yield level (kg/hm2)宽皮柑橘
Mandarin orange甜橙
Sweet orange柚类
Pomelo 湖北Hubei45236很高Very high4777735814—湖南Hunan30797中等Medium2901232455—江西Jiangxi24028低Low2440023917—浙江Zhejiang45436很高Very high38248—50948福建Fujian32674中等Medium33671—32326广西Guangxi31796中等Medium370393559523804广东Guangdong26419低Low246223379135239四川Sichuan22435很低Very low220502134523779重庆Chongqing28042低Low3040627586—总计Total26480低Low319143007228728 注（Note）：产量级别 Yield level classification： < 22500 kg/hm2 很低 Very low; 22500～30000 kg/hm2 偏低 Low; 30000～37500 kg/hm2 中等 Medium; 37500～45000 kg/hm2 较高 High; > 45000 kg/hm2 很高 Very high.

表 4 不同柑橘品种推荐施肥量

Table 4 Recommendation application rate of N, P2O5, K2O of different citrus cultivars

数据来源
Date source建议施肥量 (kg/hm2)
Recommendation fertilizationNP2O5K2O 国外成年结果树
Abroad fruiting tree200～350100～200150～450国内成年结果树
Domestic fruiting tree200～450100～250150～400国内宽皮柑橘类
Domestic mandarin orange200～300100～150100～200国内甜橙类
Domestic sweet orange250～350150～200150～250国内柚类
Domestic pomelo350～450200～250300～400

表 5 我国柑橘主产省份有机无机氮磷钾肥施用量 (kg/hm2)

Table 5 Application rates of chemical and organic N, P, K in the main citrus production provinces of China

省份
ProvinceOMP
(%)NP2O5K2O化肥
Chemical有机肥
OM合计
Total化肥
Chemical有机肥
OM合计
Total化肥
Chemical有机肥
OM合计
Total 湖北Hubei16.648816.950524612.3258317 8.6326湖南Hunan33.735329.138225422.127628616.3302江西Jiangxi51.633255.238727942.432130432.5336浙江Zhejiang39.542135.245636024.838536517.6382福建Fujian51.785063.291364253.169568340.2723广西Guangxi66.7467130.0 59740691.549849567.7563广东Guangdong81.433082.941329053.634430832.2340四川Sichuan69.035339.139223528.126331317.2330重庆Chongqing26.951928.954832525.235035215.6367总计Total47.844647.349432935.036437124.8396 注（Note）：OMP—有机肥施用面积比例 Percentage of organic manure application area in total citrus plantation in each province.

表 6 我国主产省份不同品种柑橘氮、磷、钾肥施用量 (kg/hm2)

Table 6 NPK application rates of different citrus cultivars in the main producing provinces of China

省份
Province宽皮柑橘Mandarin orange甜橙Sweet orange柚类PomeloNP2O5K2ONP2O5K2ONP2O5K2O 湖北Hubei433257287730272450639238225湖南Hunan327259254459301368———江西Jiangxi439402406325228256537281376浙江Zhejiang437365360285262198555490497福建Fujian7125075043456913371110 871936广西Guangxi598505584515353335748610620广东Guangdong342296296351328303804596589四川Sichuan231197212383269266418452463重庆Chongqing470268275565368387———总计Total443339353440341322696506529

表 7 我国主产省份柑橘园氮、磷、钾肥施用不足、适宜和过量面积比 (%)

Table 7 The area percentage of insufficient, optimum and excessive application of N, P2O5 and K2O in citrus orchards of the main producing provinces in China

省份
ProvinceNP2O5K2O不足 Insufficient适宜 Optimum过量 Excessive不足 Insufficient适宜 Optimum过量 Excessive不足 Insufficient适宜 Optimum过量 Excessive 湖北Hubei25.224.450.419.416.564.120.523.156.4湖南Hunan38.519.542.032.417.050.637.313.349.4江西Jiangxi11.819.468.811.17.181.85.012.282.9浙江Zhejiang24.625.749.810.45.284.416.328.754.9福建Fujian3.510.685.9 1.53.395.21.74.593.8广西Guangxi15.124.760.22.914.083.14.016.179.9广东Guangdong14.633.951.53.44.592.12.224.473.4四川Sichuan43.432.723.955.07.937.162.710.127.2重庆Chongqing12.68.578.926.213.760.126.415.058.6总计Total19.723.057.313.99.576.614.116.869.1

表 8 我国柑橘主产省份氮、磷、钾肥年过量投入量

Table 8 The excessive amount of N, P2O5, K2O fertilizer in citrus orchards of the main producing provinces in China

省份
Province过量投入量Excessive amount(×104 t)NP2O5K2O总量Total 湖北Hubei4.532.442.71 9.68湖南Hunan2.934.413.68 11.00江西Jiangxi3.506.525.17 15.20浙江Zhejiang1.222.351.27 4.84福建Fujian9.658.757.49 25.90广西Guangxi7.929.449.40 26.80广东Guangdong2.445.173.20 10.80四川Sichuan0.000.350.10 0.45重庆Chongqing4.003.082.44 9.52总计Total36.2042.5035.50114.00

表 9 我国柑橘主产省份三类柑橘氮磷钾肥减施潜力 (%)

Table 9 Reducing potential of NPK rate of the citrus in the main citrus provinces of China

省份
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