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黄土梁大熊猫走廊带典型群落恢复初期植物多样性研究

花匠小妙招
2024-12-13 00:51

摘要: 为了探究黄土梁典型植被（康定柳灌丛、紫果云杉人工林）改造1年后植物多样性恢复的初期规律，采用样方法对改造前后的柳灌丛、云杉林进行了群落学调查，对比分析了二者的物种组成与多样性的差异。有以下结果：（1）康定柳灌丛、云杉人工林改造1年后，主要增加了速生、喜阳的草本物种，栽植的乔木幼苗和大熊猫主食竹生长缓慢，二者盖度、多度较低；（2）与改造前相比较，灌丛皆伐带、疏伐云杉林、云杉林窗样地的灌草总丰富度分别提升77.27%、13.89%、22.23%；（3）柳灌丛、云杉人工林灌木和草本的Shannon-Winer指数、Simpson指数均呈上升的趋势。黄土梁大熊猫走廊带的两种典型植被（康定柳灌丛、紫果云杉人工林）改造后还需要更长时间的恢复，以充分提升物种多样性，恢复大熊猫主食竹和栖息地生态功能。

关键词: 大熊猫 / 走廊带 / 栖息地 / 黄土梁 / 物种多样性

Abstract: In order to explore the initial law of plant species diversity restoration after one year’s transformation of typical vegetation, Salix paraplesia shrubbery and Picea asperata forest, in Huangtuliang corridor of giant panda, the community survey of S. paraplesia shrubbery and P. asperata forest before and after transformation was carried out by sampling method, and the differences of species composition and diversity between them were compared and analyzed. The results are as follows: (1) After one year’s transformation, fast-growing and shade-tolerant herbs increased obviously, and planted broad-leaved tree seedlings and F. denudata grew slowly, maintaining lower coverage and abundance; (2) The total richness of shrubs and herbs in the community increased by 77.27%, 13.89%, and 22.23%, respectively in the clear-cutting shrub zone, the thinning spruce forest and the spruce forest gap plot; (3) After one year’s transformation, the species richness index, Shannon-Winer index, and Simpson index of shrubs and herbs in the S. paraplesia shrubbery and P. asperata forest were on the rise. It will take a longer time for S. paraplesia shrubbery and P. asperata forest to restore, so as to fully improve the species diversity and restore the ecological functions of giant panda staple bamboo and the habitat.

图 1 改造前后灌木层多样性指数对比

Ⅰ. “原状灌丛-灌丛改造带”、Ⅱ.“原状云杉-云杉林窗”、Ⅲ.“原状云杉-云杉疏伐”；柱状图的高度为灌木样方某一多样性指数值。

Figure 1. Dynamic changes in species diversity index of shrub layer

Ⅰ. “YG-GG”、Ⅱ.“YY-YL”、Ⅲ.“YY-YS”; The height of the histogram represents a certain diversity index value of the shrub layer.

图 2 改造前后灌木层多样性指数对比

Ⅰ. “原状灌丛-灌丛改造带”；Ⅱ.“原状云杉-云杉林窗”；Ⅲ.“原状云杉-云杉疏伐”；不同字母表示改造前后差异显著（配对样本t检验，P < 0.05），相同字母表示差异不显著;柱状图的高度为样地所有草本样方某一指数的算术平均值，误差线为标准误差。

Figure 2. Dynamic changes in species diversity index of herb layer

Ⅰ. “YG-GG”、Ⅱ.“YY-YL”、Ⅲ.“YY-YS”; Different letters indicate significant differences (paired sample t test, P <0.05), the same letters indicate that the differences are not significant; use the arithmetic mean and standard error to plot.

表 1 样地基本特征

Table 1 Basic characteristics of the plot

样地类型海拔/m坡度/°坡位郁闭度原状云杉林（YY）298425下坡0.7林窗云杉林（YL）299825下坡0.3疏伐云杉林（YS）300824下坡0.2原状灌丛（YG）297310下坡0.8灌丛改造带（GG）297312下坡0.1

表 2 不同样地灌木层、草本层主要物种组成及其重要值

Table 2 Importance values of shrub and herb species

样地类型层次及种数主要物种组成及其重要值原状云杉林灌木12种圆叶忍冬(Lonicera myrtillus)(23.92%)、唐古特忍冬(Lonicera tangutica)(13.35%)、灰白毛莓(Rubus tephrodes)(9.66%)、四川花楸(Sorbus setschwanensis)(8.20%)、小叶忍冬(Lonicera microphylla)(6.51%)草本24种铁角蕨(Asplenium trichomanes)(16.16%)、线叶嵩草(Kobresia capillifolia)(10.82%)、野草莓(Fragaria vesca)(9.36%)、紫花凤仙花(Impatiens purpurea)(8.47%)、唐松草(Thalictrum aquilegifolium)(7.81%)林窗云杉林灌木12种刚毛忍冬(Lonicera hispida)(14.20%)、臭樱(Maddenia hypoleuca)(14.20%)、红树莓(Rubus idaeus)(14.20%)、唐古特忍冬 (11.17%)、缺苞箭竹(Fargesia denudata)(7.28%)草本34种野草莓 (9.80%)、野青茅(Deyeuxia arundinacea)(8.09%)、早熟禾(Poa annua)(7.91%)、铜锤玉带草(Pratia nummularia)(6.70%)、黄金凤(Impatiens siculifer)(6.66%)疏伐云杉林灌木15种唐古特忍冬(18.88%)、臭樱(7.66%)、四川花楸(7.66%)、康定柳(Salix paraplesia)(7.66%)、棕背杜鹃(Rhododendron alutaceum)(6.47%)草本26种黄金凤(17.51%)、野草莓 (13.13%)、铁角蕨 (9.14%)、羊茅(Festuca ovina)(5.31%)、尼泊尔老鹳草(Geranium nepalense)(4.76%)原状灌丛灌木5种康定柳(44.99%)、华西绣线菊(Spiraea laeta)(11.81%)、峨眉蔷薇(Rosa omeiensis)(7.92%)、刚毛忍冬(7.92%)、冰川茶藨子(Ribes glaciale)(7.92%)草本17种多头风毛菊(Saussurea polycephala)(20.18%)、黄金凤(12.31%)、鸭儿芹(Cryptotaenia japonica)(10.05%)、铜锤玉带草(9.80%)、野草莓 (9.19%)灌丛皆伐带灌木5种云杉(Picea asperata)(13.60%)、缺苞箭竹(9.53%)、康定柳(9.01%)、圆叶绣线菊(Spiraea rotundata)(9.01%)、华西绣线菊(Spiraea laeta)(9.01%)草本35种川甘风毛菊(Saussurea acroura)(15.75%)、木贼(Equisetum hyemale)(7.72%)、牡蒿(Artemisia japonica)(6.41%)、野草莓 (6.38)、珠芽蓼(Polygonum viviparum)(6.01%) 　　注：仅列出重要值前5的物种。
　　Only species with the top 5 important values are listed.

表 3 科及所含物种数1年间的动态变化

Table 3 Dynamic changes of species for one year

样地类型对比类型新增科及所含物种数量减少科及所含物种数量柳灌丛改造前-带状皆伐改造后石竹科3种、蓼科2种、紫草科2种、车前科1种、松科1种。柳叶菜科1种、忍冬科1种。云杉人工林改造前-疏伐改造后紫草科2种、虎耳草科1种、桔梗科1种、鳞毛蕨科1种、天南星科1种、铁线蕨科1种、鸢尾科1种。灯心草科1种、兰科1种、里白科1种、石竹科1种、五加科1种、小檗科1种、罂粟科1种。改造前-林窗改造后桔梗科3种、虎耳草科2种、车前科1种、唇形科1种、鳞毛蕨科1种、茜草科1种、鸢尾科1种、紫草科1种。蓼科2种、柏科1种、杜鹃花科1种、兰科 1种、里白科1种、柳叶菜科1种、伞形科1种、蹄盖蕨科1种、小檗科1种、罂粟科1种。 [1] 王撼,旷培刚,李悦,等. 大熊猫黄土梁廊道景观破碎化进程分析[J]. 四川林业科技,2014,35(2):47−51+84. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-5508.2014.02.012 [2] 林英华,顾海军,隆廷伦,等. 森林采伐对平武大熊猫栖息地的影响[J]. 林业科学,2005,41(1):109−115. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-7488.2005.01.019 [3] 曾宗永,岳碧松,冉江洪,等. 王朗自然保护区大熊猫对生境的利用[J]. 四川大学学报(自然科学版),2002,39(6):1140−1144. [4] 李爽,康东伟,宋国华,等. 大熊猫利用生境与人工林环境的比较研究[J]. 生物学杂志,2017,34(2):55−57. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2017.02.055 [5] 申国珍,李俊清,任艳林,等. 大熊猫适宜栖息地恢复指标研究[J]. 北京林业大学学报,2002,24(4):1−5. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-1522.2002.04.001 [6] 康东伟,康文,谭留夷,等. 王朗自然保护区大熊猫生境选择[J]. 生态学报,2011,31(2):401−409. [7] 欧阳志云,李振新,刘建国,等. 卧龙自然保护区大熊猫生境恢复过程研究[J]. 生态学报,2002,22(11):1840−1849. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2002.11.007 [8] 王撼,彭彬,桂林华,等. 浅析S205线黄土梁隧道工程对“大熊猫勿角廊道”的影响[J]. 四川林业科技,2012,33(3):24−31. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-5508.2012.03.006 [9] 谭留夷,赵志江,康东伟,等. 王朗自然保护区紫果云杉径向生长与气候因子的关系[J]. 四川农业大学学报,2011,29(1):29−34. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2650.2011.01.006 [10] 蒋雨芮, 谭波, 杨万勤, 等. 亚高山林区河岸带康定柳木质残体持水能力随径级的变化特征[J]生态学杂志, 2020, 39(2): 444−450. [11]

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