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基于最小数据集的集约化葡萄园土壤健康评价

花匠小妙招
2024-12-15 04:33

摘要:

健康土壤是生产高产优质葡萄的基础，目前葡萄园不合理管理导致果园土壤生产力下降和生态失衡。为摸清集约化葡萄园土壤健康状况，该研究以河北省曲周县典型葡萄园为研究对象，通过测定20项土壤物理、化学和生物学指标，利用主成分分析法构建最小数据集，开展土壤健康评价并揭示葡萄园存在的主要障碍因子。结果表明，集约化葡萄园土壤健康评价最小数据集由有机碳、亚表层土壤硬度、交换性钠、容重、含水率和水稳性团聚体6个指标构成。利用线性和非线性评分函数，基于全数据集和最小数据集计算的土壤健康指数间呈显著正相关（P < 0.01），这说明最小数据集可以代替全数据集用于葡萄园土壤健康评价。基于最小数据集，利用线性和非线性评分函数获得的葡萄园土壤健康指数范围分别为0.39～0.59和0.36～0.66，平均值分别为0.52和0.51，处于中等水平。不同树龄葡萄土壤健康指数差异不显著（P>0.05）。集约化葡萄园土壤障碍因子主要有土壤压实、养分不平衡和有机碳含量低等问题。通过适当减少田间管理频率，结合增施（生物）有机肥、种植覆盖作物和养分综合管理能有效消减土壤障碍因子，提升葡萄园土壤健康水平，促进当地葡萄产业可持续发展。

Abstract:

Healthy soils can provide the essential ecosystem services for food security and nutrition, climate, and sustainable development. Soil management practices can be optimized to promote the soil productivity and ecological balance for the high-yield and high-quality grapes in intensive grape production. This study aims to investigate the soil health status in the intensive vineyards in Quzhou County, Hebei Province, China. The soil samples were then collected in October 2020. A total of 42 vineyards were sampled in 0-20 cm soil depth. Twenty physical, chemical, and biological indicators were determined, including soil water content, surface hardness, subsurface hardness, bulk density, wet aggregate stability, pH, total nitrogen, available P and K, exchangeable Ca and Mg, available Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn, exchangeable Na, soil organic carbon, permanganate oxidizable carbon, soil protein, and respiration. The principal component analysis was used to establish the minimum dataset for the soil health evaluation in the intensive vineyards. Two evaluation approaches, Linear (L) and non-linear (NL) scoring functions, were used to calculate the soil health index. The limiting factors were also identified in the vineyards. The results revealed that six indicators were selected for the minimum dataset by the principal component analysis, including the soil organic carbon, soil subsurface hardness, exchangeable sodium, bulk density, water content, and wet stability aggregate. There was a significant positive correlation (P<0.01) between the soil health index with the total data set and the minimum dataset with linear and nonlinear scoring functions. Alternatively, the minimum dataset was used to better replace the total dataset, in order to assess the soil health in vineyards. According to the minimum dataset, the soil health indices ranged from 0.39-0.59 and 0.36-0.66 with average values of 0.52 and 0.51 using linear and nonlinear scoring functions, respectively, indicating the medium level. The soil health indices in the average tree age of 6, 13, and 22 were 0.64-0.65 and 0.50-0.53 using linear and non-linear scoring functions using the minimum dataset, respectively. No significant difference was observed in the soil health index among vines of different tree ages. The soil surface hardness, subsurface hardness, and bulk density in the vineyards were 1 203 kPa, 1 023 kPa, and 1.42 g/cm3, respectively, indicating a medium compaction level. Soil available P and K, exchangeable Ca and Mg, and available Fe and Zn were all at the rich level. The average content of soil organic carbon was 8.33 g/kg with a range of 5.6-13.1 g/kg, which was at the deficiency level. Therefore, the major soil obstacles in the intensive vineyards mainly included soil compaction, nutrient imbalance, and low organic carbon content. The agricultural measures can be implemented to reduce the frequency of field management in the optimal utilization of organic or bio-organic fertilizers, and cover crop planting, as well as the integrated nutrient. These approaches can be expected to enhance the soil health level in the sustainable development of local grape industries.

图 1 土壤健康指标的皮尔森相关分析

Figure 1. Pearson correlation of soil health indicators

图 2 葡萄园土壤健康指数

注：TDS，全数据集；MDS，最小数据集。L，线性评分函数；NL，非线性评分函数。下同。

Figure 2. Soil health index of vineyard

Note: TDS, total data set; MDS, minimum data set. L, linearscoring function; NL, non-linearscoring function. Same as below.

图 3 葡萄园土壤健康指数回归分析

Figure 3. Linear regression analysis of soil health index in vineyards

表 1 集约化葡萄园土壤健康指标描述性统计

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of measured soil health indicators in intensive vineyards

指标Indicator 土壤健康指标
Soil health indicators 最小值
Minimum 最大值
Maximum 平均值
Mean 标准差
Standard deviation 变异系数
Coefficient of variation/% 物理指标
Physical indicators 含水率/% 7.8 20.5 14.6 2.5 17.4 表层硬度/kPa 233 2620 1203 488 41 亚表层硬度/kPa 552 1922 1023 328 32 容重/(g·cm−3) 1.23 1.57 1.42 0.07 4.96 水稳性团聚体/% 6.0 30.0 16.7 6.2 37.0 化学指标
Chemical indicators pH值 6.96 8.30 7.94 0.26 3.25 全氮/(g·kg−1) 7.2 15.0 11.4 1.7 15.3 有效磷/(mg·kg−1) 4.9 52.8 37.4 10.5 28.1 速效钾/(mg·kg−1) 200 623 397 109 27 交换性钙/(mg·kg−1) 3898 5050 4430 298 7 交换性镁/(mg·kg−1) 280 672 460 98 21 有效铁/(mg·kg−1) 6.5 16.5 11.5 2.4 21.0 有效锰/(mg·kg−1) 6.6 12.8 9.2 1.4 15.0 有效铜/(mg·kg−1) 0.8 2.5 1.6 0.4 27.2 有效锌/(mg·kg−1) 1.3 10.0 3.7 1.8 49.9 交换性钠/(mg·kg−1) 12.7 262.0 86.1 50.7 58.9 生物学指标
Biological indicators 有机碳/(g·kg−1) 5.6 13.1 8.3 1.7 20.2 活性碳/(mg·kg−1) 161 378 271 56 20 土壤蛋白/(mg·g−1) 1.0 2.8 1.7 0.4 21.9 土壤呼吸/(mg·kg−1·d−1) 5.6 14.6 10.8 1.9 17.2

表 2 土壤健康指标主成分分析

Table 2 Principal component analysis of the soil health indicators

土壤健康指标
Soil health indicators 成分Component 1 2 3 4 5 含水率Soil water content 0.11 -0.05 0.25 -0.72 0.02 表层硬度Surface hardness 0.36 0.72 0.10 0.19 -0.13 亚表层硬度Subsurface hardness 0.18 0.78 0.20 0.02 0.004 容重Bulk density 0.08 0.04 0.26 0.74 -0.18 水稳性团聚体Wet aggregate stability -0.09 -0.07 0.06 -0.12 0.89 pH值 pH value -0.41 0.45 -0.34 -0.25 -0.03 全氮Total nitrogen 0.86 0.23 0.08 0.10 0.16 有效磷Available P 0.71 -0.15 0.19 0.18 0.01 速效钾Available K 0.84 0.03 0.08 0.13 -0.11 交换性钙Exchangeable Ca -0.35 0.41 -0.002 0.50 0.03 交换性镁Exchangeable Mg 0.09 0.34 0.77 0.18 -0.08 有效铁Available Fe 0.77 0.19 0.06 -0.15 -0.22 有效锰Available Mn 0.81 0.20 -0.03 -0.24 -0.18 有效铜Available Cu 0.77 0.11 0.20 -0.15 -0.16 有效锌Available Zn 0.75 0.14 0.19 0.04 -0.14 交换性钠Exchangeable Na 0.08 0.04 0.90 -0.15 0.07 有机碳Soil organic carbon 0.86 0.19 0.04 0.06 0.23 活性碳Permanganate oxidizable carbon 0.58 -0.02 -0.15 -0.10 0.44 土壤蛋白Soil protein 0.82 -0.01 -0.10 -0.12 0.23 土壤呼吸Soil respiration 0.24 0.37 0.13 0.31 -0.02 特征值Eigenvalue 6.67 1.98 1.88 1.78 1.33 方差贡献率Variance contribution rate 33.3 9.88 9.41 8.90 6.63 累计贡献率Cumulative contribution rate 33.3 43.2 52.6 61.5 68.2

表 3 全数据集评价土壤健康公因子方差及权重

Table 3 Communality and weight of soil health indicators of total data set

土壤健康指标
Soil health indicators公因子方差
Community权重
Weight 含水率Soil water content0.6030.044表层硬度Surface hardness0.7160.053亚表层硬度Subsurface hardness0.6730.049容重Bulk density0.6580.048水稳性团聚体Wet aggregate stability0.8250.060pH值 pH value0.5490.040全氮Total nitrogen0.8370.061有效磷Available P0.6010.044速效钾Available K0.7350.054交换性钙Exchangeable Ca0.5460.040交换性镁Exchangeable Mg0.7520.055有效铁Available Fe0.7080.052有效锰Available Mn0.7840.058有效铜Available Cu0.6910.051有效锌Available Zn0.6410.047交换性钠Exchangeable Na0.8450.062有机碳Soil organic carbon0.8440.062活性碳Permanganate oxidizable carbon0.5610.041土壤蛋白Soil protein0.7580.056土壤呼吸Soil respiration0.3060.022

表 4 最小数据集评价土壤健康公因子方差、权重及相关的土壤功能

Table 4 Communality and weight of soil health indicators using the minimum data set and related soil functions

土壤健康指标
Soil health indicators 公因子方差
Community 权重
Weight 土壤功能
Soil functions 含水率Soil water content 0.605 0.198 土壤水保持亚表层硬度Subsurface hardness 0.538 0.176 土壤板结与根系下扎阻力容重Bulk density 0.653 0.214 土壤通气性水稳性团聚体Wet aggregate stability 0.319 0.105 土壤入渗能力交换性钠Exchangeable Na 0.470 0.154 土壤盐胁迫有机碳Soil organic carbon 0.465 0.152 土壤碳储存与循环

表 5 不同树龄葡萄土壤健康指数（SHI）

Table 5 Soil health indices of different tree age of vine

平均树龄
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