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生物质好氧发酵热生产与回收利用研究进展

花匠小妙招
2024-12-16 15:47

摘要:

好氧发酵是目前有机固体废弃物处理的一种有效手段。人们对于好氧发酵的研究主要集中在高效有机肥的获取上，但发酵过程产生的热能不容忽视。发酵热作为一种“零碳”能源，可代替传统化石能源应用于加温供暖、生物干化等领域，助力实现“碳达峰、碳中和”。为将生物质能高效转化为热能利用，人们对发酵热回收利用进行了研究，但是没有将热生产、热回收和热利用三个阶段进行系统联系，导致热回收工艺效率不高。该文主要阐述了好氧发酵产热原理，并从菌剂、原料理化性质和发酵工艺三个方面对发酵热生产的影响进行了探讨，总结了现有热回收利用系统，最后对生物质好氧发酵热生产与回收利用系统的发展方向进行展望，以期为生物质发酵热能利用提供支持。

Abstract:

Energy demand is ever-increasing with the rapid development of society. Chemical energy has also resulted in a variety of atmospheric pollutants in traditional energy reserves, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. Biomass energy is a promising renewable energy to convert solar into chemical energy and then store it inside biomass. The available biomass resources in the world are as high as 170 billion tons at present. But there is a low utilization rate of biomass resources. The rest is burned or abandoned as waste, leading to the waste of resources, as well as serious air, water, and soil pollution. Among them, aerobic fermentation is an effective treatment for organic solid wastes. Both heat energy and organic fertilizer can be produced in a simple process without size restrictions. The fermentation heat energy can be recycled and then used to heat rural winter residential houses, vegetable greenhouses, farms, and processing plants. Organic fertilizers are used to replenish the soil fertility in the field. As a result, the heat-fertilizer combination production using aerobic fermentation is an environmentally friendly energy consumption suitable for rural areas. Although highly effective organic fertilizers have been the primary goal of aerobic fermentation, it is important to consider the heat produced during fermentation. Fermentation heat can serve as a kind of "zero-carbon" energy to replace the traditional fossil energy in heating and bio-drying, particularly for carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Three stages are also included in the production of and recovering heat through aerobic fermentation: heat production, recovery, and usage. These stages interact with the heat acting as a medium. Some research has focused on the recycling of fermentation heat, but it is still lacking in heat recovery. This study aims to clarify the systematic relationship among the three stages of heat production, recovery, and utilization. The principle of heat production was described in biomass aerobic fermentation, the influencing factors of heat production, recovery, and utilization. The aerobic fermentation of biomass was attributed to the oxidative decomposition of organic matter under the microorganisms and the continuous release of heat. The completely oxidized substances were transformed into carbon dioxide and water, while the partially oxidized microorganisms were oxidized into humus. A systematic investigation was carried out to explore the effects of three factors on the heat production of biomass aerobic fermentation, including bacteriological agents, physicochemical properties of raw materials (particle size, pH, carbon to nitrogen ratio, and moisture), and fermentation (temperature and oxygen content). Furthermore, the current systems were summarized for heat recovery and utilization. Three types were categorized into direct utilization, sensible heat recovery, and exhaust gas heat recovery. Currently, fermentation heat recovery has been explored at lab- and pilot-scale, and commercial systems, where the heat recovery rate varied from 13.4% to 73.0%. The heat recovery rate of the fermentation system depended on the type and scale of fermentation feedstock, the type and mode of heat recovery, the fermentation, and the ambient temperature. In general, the larger the fermentation heat production was, the higher the heat recovery rate was. The average recovery rate for lab-scale systems was 1.90 MJ/h (1.16 MJ/kg DM), for pilot-scale systems 20.04 MJ/h (4.30 MJ/kg DM), for commercial-scale systems 204.91 MJ/h (7.08 MJ/kg DM). The direct utilization of fermentation heat is inexpensive and suitable for self-consumption on farms. The recovering internal heat from the fermentation system with the buried pipe is simple to operate and suitable for domestic use. The heat recovery system for exhaust heat recovery is highly efficient and suitable for commercial environments. Finally, the research direction was also given to provide support for the heat utilization of biomass aerobic fermentation.

图 1 不同的热回收方法示意图[5]

Figure 1. Graphic illustration of different heat recovery methods [5]

图 2 大型好氧发酵热回收系统[7]

1.发酵系统2.好氧发酵3.蒸汽收集管道4.冷凝水回收并用于农田5.生物过滤器6. 冷凝水收集 7.热回收系统8.鼓风机9.换热器10.水循环11.井水预热管路12.换热器13.热水箱14.牛奶厂

Figure 2. Large aerobic fermentation heat recovery system [7]

1. Fermentation system 2. Aerobic fermentation 3. Vapor collection ducts 4. Condensate recovery and applied to farm fields 5. Biofilter 6. Condensate collection 7. Heat recovery system 8. Blower 9. Heat exchanger 10. Water loop 11. Well water preheating pipe 12. Heat exchanger 13. Hot water tank 14. Milk house

表 1 生物质好氧发酵过程的产热量

Table 1 Heat production of biomass aerobic fermentation

材料
Material 质量或体积
Mass or volume 含水率
Moisture content/% 时间
Time 产热量
Heat production/(MJ·kg−1) 参考文献
Reference 厨余垃圾和玉米秸秆
Food waste, maize stover 17.20 kg 71 56 h 6.41 [21] 厨余垃圾和木材废弃物
Food waste, wood waste 0.42～0.70 kg 55～65 10 d 2.66～4.28 [28] 禽畜粪便和木屑
Poultry manure, wood chips 275.50 kg 62 30 d 16.80～19.70 [22] 番茄废弃物
Tomato plant residues 50.00 kg 60～65 108 h 1.91 [23] 鸡粪、干草和木屑
Chicken manure, hay, wood chips 130.00 L 60 44 h 0.59 [25] 污水污泥和木屑
Sewage sludges, wood chips 32 .00 kg 65 180 h 0.37～0.75 [20] 绿色废弃物、工业污泥和废水
Green waste, industrial sludge, liquid waste 3 663.00 m3 60 15 d 0.59 [24] 木材Wood 6.00 g 36 d 0.86～1.87 [19] 木材Wood 6.70 g 57 42 d 5.36 [18] 木材Wood 4.70 g 95 d 5.18 [17] 木材Wood 5.00 t 60 1 a 8.89 [29] 注：质量或体积为发酵原料的质量或体积。 Note: mass or volume is the mass or volume of the fermentation material.

表 2 不同的热回收与利用方法

Table 2 Different heat recovery and utilization methods

原料
Raw material 质量或体积
Mass or volume 热回收方法
Heat recovery methods 时间
Time 热回收率或热回收量
Heat recovery in rate or
quantity 热效率
Thermal efficiency /% 参考文献
Reference 污水、污泥和木屑
Sewage sludges, wood chips 32 kg b 56 h 0.79 MJ·kg−1 18.46 [20] 木屑Wood chips 50 t b 180 d 4.33 MJ·kg−1 [69] 木屑Wood chips 50 t b 360 d 4.25 MJ·kg−1 47.77 [29] 木屑Wood chips 197 m3 b 270 d 2.29 MJ·kg−1 [68] 禽畜粪便Farm-yard manure 1 000 L b 2.30 MJ·h−1 [72] 马粪、锯末和木屑
Horse manure, sawdust, and wood chips 435 kg b 25 d 1.58 MJ·kg−1 [68] 草、秸秆和园林废弃物
Grass, straw and garden waste 63 m3 b 140 d 4.80 MJ·kg−1 50.00 [73] 庭院废弃物Yard waste 500 L c 5 d 1.95 MJ·h−1 [74] 禽畜粪便和废弃垫料
Livestock manure, woodchip bedding 544～726 t c 211.01 MJ·h−1 [75] 草屑、污泥、树叶和锯末
Grass clippings, sludge, leaves and sawdust 92.4 kg c 4.85 MJ·h−1 [76] 鸡粪、米糠和木屑
Chicken manure, rice hulls, and sewage sludge 240 L b, c 7 ～14 d 0.036～0.11 MJ·m−3 16.00～22.00 [77] 注： b为显热回收；c为废气热量回收。 Note: b is sensible heat recovery; c is waste gas heat recovery. [1] 张自仕. 生物质能源的利用现状与发展[C]// 中国土木工程学会燃气分会. 2017中国燃气运营与安全研讨会论文集. 天津,2017:381-386.

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