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种植密度和播种方式对盐碱地花生生长发育、产量及品质的影响

花匠小妙招
2024-12-18 20:20

种植密度和播种方式对盐碱地花生生长发育、产量及品质的影响

张智猛, 戴良香1, , 慈敦伟1, 杨吉顺1, 丁红1, 秦斐斐1, 穆国俊2 1.

山东省花生研究所青岛 266100

河北农业大学保定 071001

基金项目: 国家科技支撑计划(2014BAD11B04-03)、山东省现代农业产业技术体系创新团队岗位专家(花生)(SDAIT-04-06)、山东省农业重大应用技术创新课题(2014)、山东省自主创新专项基金(2014ZZCX07401-12)和青岛市民生科技计划(14-2-3-34-nsh)资助

计量文章访问数: 01451 HTML全文浏览量: 0102 PDF下载量: 01043 出版历程收稿日期: 2016-04-25 修回日期: 2016-05-15 刊出日期: 2016-09-30

Effects of planting density and sowing method on growth, development, yield and quality of peanut in saline alkali land

Peanut Research Institution of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266100, China

Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China

摘要

摘要: 以耐盐品种‘花育25号’为材料, 通过田间小区试验, 设置18.0万穴·hm-2 (M1)、19.6万穴·hm-2 (M2)、21.4万穴·hm-2 (M3)、23.5万穴·hm-2 (M4)、26.0万穴·hm-2 (M5)5个单粒精播播种方式下的种植密度和双粒穴播播种方式下的11.6万穴·hm-2 (M6)、13.0万穴·hm-2 (M7)、14.7万穴·hm-2 (M8)3个种植密度, 研究种植密度和播种方式对盐碱地花生主要农艺性状、产量和品质的影响, 探讨盐碱地花生适宜的种植密度和播种方式。结果显示, 1)土壤盐碱胁迫较大程度地抑制了花生植株的生长发育, 与非盐碱地花生相比, 盐碱地花生主茎高和侧枝长明显降低, 仅分别为25.6 cm和29.0 cm左右。2)单粒精播方式下, 在19.6~26.0万穴·hm-2 范围内, 主茎高和侧枝长在饱果期前随种植密度的增加显著降低; 荚果膨大前和饱果期后, 单粒精播方式下一、二次分枝数显著高于双粒穴播, 且在M2~M4密度范围内, 其基部茎长随密度增大而缩短但差异不显著。基部茎长和茎粗的变化主要发生在结荚期前, 且以茎的伸长速度快于横截面积增大速度, 生育后期基部茎长和茎粗均趋于稳定。3)盐碱地花生叶片和茎+叶柄光合产物快速积累期主要在花针期和荚果膨大期, 叶片最大生长速率(Vm)只有茎+叶柄Vm的一半, 叶片快速生长早于茎+叶柄5 d左右, 且双粒穴播方式下叶片和茎+叶柄最大生长速率出现的时间(Tm)明显滞后于单粒精播方式。单粒精播方式下盐碱地花生地上部营养器官Vm随种植密度增加表现为“抛物线型”变化, M4处理下的叶片和茎+叶柄的Vm最大, 分别为0.492 5 g.株-1和0.878 3 g.株-1。4)种植密度对盐碱地花生各生育时期光合产物的积累影响较为显著, 但对各时期各器官中分配率的影响差异较小。盐碱地花生光合产物分配规律与非盐碱地花生基本一致, 生育前期光合产物主要分配在茎和叶片等营养器官中, 至饱果期约1/3以上的光合产物分配于荚果中。5)种植密度对单粒精播方式下荚果产量有显著影响, 但对各处理下的籽仁可溶性糖、蛋白质、脂肪和油酸/亚油酸(O/L)等影响不大。中轻度盐碱土区, 采用单粒精播的播种方式时, 适宜的种植密度为19.0~23.5万株·hm-2。

关键词: 盐碱土 / 花生 / 单粒精播 / 种植密度 / 农艺性状 / 产量 / 品质

Abstract: To study the effects of planting density and seeding method on agronomic trait, yield and quality of peanut and to determine optimal planting density and seeding method for peanut in saline soils, a peanut (Huayu 25, salt-tolerant cultivar) field plot experiment containing five single-seed planting density treatments and three double-seeds planting density treatments was conducted. Experiment 1 was the single-seed planting experiment containing 5 planting densities — 180 thousand hole·hm-2 (M1), 196 thousand hole·hm-2 (M2), 214 thousand hole·hm-2 (M3), 235 thousand hole·hm-2 (M4) and 260 thousand hole·hm-2 (M5), respectively. Experiment 2 was the double-seed planting experiment, consisting of 3 planting densities — 116 thousand hole·hm-2 (M6), 130 thousand hole·hm-2 (M7) and 147 thousand hole·hm-2 (M8). The results showed that soil salinity stress greatly inhibited the growth of peanut plant. Compared with peanut in non-saline soils, peanut stem and branch length reduced significantly, which were 25.6 cm and 29.0 cm, respectively. For single-seed planting in the density range of 196260 thousand hole·hm-2, the height of stem and length of branch significantly reduced with increasing planting density before pod-filling stage. Before pod-swelling and after pod-filling stage, the numbers of primary and secondary branch of single-seed planting were higher than that of double-seed planting in the range of M2M4. The stem base length decreased with increasing density, but the difference was not significant. Changes in length and thickness of stem base mainly occurred before pod-setting stage, and the rate of stem elongation was faster than the rate of cross-sectional area increase. The length and thickness of stem base tended to stabilize at late growth stage. The period of rapid accumulation of photosynthetic products in the leaves, stems and petioles of peanut in saline soils was mainly at flowering, pegging and pod swelling stages. The maximum growth rate (Vm) of leaves was only half of that of stems and petioles. The rapid growth stage leaves was 5 days earlier than that of stems and petioles. Also the Vm time of leaves, stems and petioles under the single-seed planting lagged behind that under double-seed planting. Peanut shoot Vm characterized by “parabola type” changed with increasing planting density. The leaves, stems and petioles of Vm were largest under M4 treatment, which were 0.492 5 g per plant and 0.878 3 g per plant, respectively. The effect of planting density on the accumulation of photosynthetic products in peanut was more significant, but the distribution rate of each organ in each period was not significantly different. Peanut photosynthetic products in saline soils were roughly identical to those in non-saline soils. Photosynthetic products were in the stems and leaves at the early growth stage and a third of the photosynthetic products was at pods at pod to pod-filling stage. The effect of planting density on pod yield was significant under single-seed planting, but was not significant on kernel soluble sugar, protein, fat, and the ratio of oleic and linoleic acid. For the single-seed planting, the optimum density was 190235 thousand hole·hm-2.

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