首页 > 分享 > 秦岭北麓猕猴桃果园施肥现状与评价—以周至县俞家河流域为例

秦岭北麓猕猴桃果园施肥现状与评价—以周至县俞家河流域为例

花匠小妙招
2024-12-20 21:51

摘要: 【目的】秦岭北麓是陕西省优质猕猴桃(Actinidia deliciosa)适栽区和分布最为集中的区域之一。摸清该地区猕猴桃果园的施肥现状、养分输入特征和养分管理中存在的问题,对于提高果品质量、增加果农经济收益和规范猕猴桃产业良好发展具有重要意义。【方法】秦岭北麓猕猴桃主产区俞家河流域是一个典型的闭合流域。采用实地走访结合问卷记录的方式,于2012~2013年连续两年调查了该流域内240余个果园的生产和养分管理现状。调查内容主要包括: 建园基本情况、果园面积、主栽品种、树龄、栽种密度、施肥量、肥料品种、施肥时期、施肥方法、果实产量和灌溉等。根据调查果园的实际肥料投入量和各肥料产品中标注的有效养分含量,计算化肥中各养分的投入量; 根据《中国有机肥养分志》提供的标准值,计算有机肥提供的养分量。结合该区域文献资料推荐的果园肥料用量最终确定了果园的合理施肥量,并以此为标准对该流域果园养分投入现状进行了初步评价。【结果】通过实际调查和文献资料汇总,当猕猴桃产量在24~42 t/hm2时,建议化肥用量分别为: N 375~500 kg/hm2,P2O5 186~266 kg/hm2,K2O 286~350 kg/hm2,有机肥用量为30000~65000 kg/hm2,N∶P2O5∶K2O养分比例约为1∶0.5∶0.73。果园养分投入评价结果显示,流域内果园有机肥投入比例及用量严重不足。其中,完全不施有机肥的果园占36.4%,即使在施用有机肥的果园中,亦有94.3%的果园有机肥投入不足,其提供养分的比例不足总养分的30%。化学氮肥投入量普遍偏高,平均为N 891 kg/hm2。氮肥投入合理(N 375~500 kg/hm2)的比例仅为5.0%,过量(N 500~750 kg/hm2)的比例22.7%,过高(N 750 kg/hm2)的比例高达59.1%。磷肥投入合理(P2O5 186~266 kg/hm2)的比例为19.4%,不足(P2O5186 kg/hm2)和过量(P2O5266 kg/hm2)的比例分别为28.9%和51.7%。钾肥投入合理(K2O 286~350 kg/hm2)的比例仅为10.7%,不足(K2O 286 kg/hm2)的比例为30.6%,过量(K2O 350 kg/hm2)的比例为58.7%。【结论】秦岭北麓俞家河流域猕猴桃果园有机肥投入严重不足。氮肥过量投入问题严重,过量比例高达81.8%。磷、钾肥过量和不足现象并存。因此,在今后该区域果树养分管理中,应大力增加有机肥投入量和施用比例,大幅度降低氮肥用量,同时合理引导磷、钾肥的科学施用。另外,因研究区耕地多以坡地为主,优化养分管理和减少养分损失带来的农业面源污染问题也是今后重点研究的方向。

关键词: 秦岭北麓 / 猕猴桃 / 施肥现状 / 果园

Abstract: 【Objectives】 The northern slope region of the Qinling Mountains is suitable for kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) cultivation, and now has developed large area of Kiwi orchards in Shaanxi Province. Therefore, investigating the current nutrient inputs and the problems in kiwifruit orchards is of great significance for increasing fruit quality, generating farmers’ income and promoting industrial development in this region.【Methods】 The Yujiahe River catchment is a typical and relatively isolated catchments on the northern slope of the Qinling Mountains. More than 240 kiwifruit orchards were surveyed face-to-face, combined with questionnaire records in two consecutive years (2012 and 2013). The investigated items included orchard basic situations, planting area, fruit varieties, tree ages, densities, fertilizer rates, fertilizer varieties, fertilizer nutrient content, fertilization methods, fruit yield and irrigation. The nutrient input from chemical fertilizers in kiwifruit orchards were calculated according to the actually surveyed chemical fertilizer application rates and the nutrient content labeled on these fertilizers. The nutrient input from organic fertilizer were calculated based on the standards provided by the Chinese Organic Fertilizer Nutrients Record. The reasonable fertilizer rates in kiwifruit orchards were determined on the basis of our study in combination with the regional literatures, and further the nutrients input status were evaluated.【Results】 The investigation results and literature summary suggested the recommended fertilizer rates were N 375-500 kg/hm2, P2O5186-186 kg/hm2, K2O 286-350 kg/hm2 and organic fertilizers 30000-65000 kg/hm2, respectively, the N∶P2O5∶K2O ratio was about 1∶0.5∶0.73 when the yields of kiwifruits are within 24-42 t/hm2. The actual nutrients input surveys showed: organic fertilizer are rarely applied, approximately 36.4% of orchards never have any manure input; In the kiwifruit orchards using organic fertilizer, the applied amount were seriously insufficiently in about 94.3% of the orchards, the nutrient provided by manures was less than 30% of the total nutrient inputs. Excessive application of N fertilizer is very common with an average input of N 891 kg/hm2. Only 5.0% of the investigated orchards apply reasonable amount (N 375-500 kg/hm2), 22.7% apply N of 500-750 kg/hm2, and 59.1% more than 750 kg/hm2. The ratio of orchards with a reasonable phosphate fertilizer input (P2O5 186-266 kg/hm2) was 19.4%, low input (P2O5186 kg/hm2) and excessive input (P2O5266 kg/hm2) were 28.9% and 51.7%, respectively. The orchards with reasonable potassium application rate (K2O 286-350 kg/hm2) was only 10.7%, with low input (K2O286 kg/hm2) and excessive input (K2O350 kg/hm2) were up to 30.6% and 58.7%, respectively.【Conclusions】 The organic fertilizer inputs in the kiwifruit orchards in the Yujiahe catchments was extremely inadequate, N fertilizers were generally excessively, and excessive and deficient application of phosphate and potassium fertilizers existed simultaneously. Therefore, it was strongly suggested to increase organic fertilizer inputs, reduce nitrogen fertilizer, strengthen the reasonable application of phosphate and potassium in kiwifruit production in future. The widely distribution of sloped cultivated lands in this region require optimizing nutrient management and controlling nutrient losses in the future research.

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