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有机物料深混还田对棕壤孔隙结构及玉米产量的影响

花匠小妙招
2024-12-21 18:17

摘要: 土壤孔隙结构在土壤水分和物质运移过程中起着重要作用，开展不同耕作方式和有机物料还田下土壤孔隙结构研究，可为耕地质量评价提供理论依据。本研究于2018年开始，以辽宁南部棕壤为研究对象，以常规耕作（T15）为对照，分析了秸秆浅混还田（0 ~ 15 cm）（T15+S）、秸秆深混还田（0 ~ 35 cm）（T35+S）和秸秆有机肥配施深混还田（0 ~ 35 cm）（T35+SM）对土壤孔隙结构的影响。采集0 ~ 15 cm和15 ~ 35 cm土层原状土柱，采用CT扫描和图像分析技术，量化土壤孔隙参数，包括孔隙分布特征、>31 μm孔隙总数、>31 μm孔隙度、成圆率、欧拉数、各向异性和分形维数。结果表明，T35+S和T35+SM处理较T15处理田间持水量显著增加（P<0.05）。与T15处理相比，0 ~ 15 cm土层T15+S、T35+S和T35+SM处理>31 μm孔隙总数分别显著降低了15.2%、54.4%和60.5%（P<0.05），>31 μm孔隙度分别显著降低了26.9%、39.7%和55.1%（P<0.05），不同孔径孔隙数量也表现出显著降低。而在15 ~ 35 cm土层T35+S和T35+SM处理>31 μm孔隙总数、孔隙度和不同孔径孔隙数量均较T15处理增加。有机物料深混还田改善了上下土层孔隙连通度，促使孔隙形状趋于规则，表现为与T15+S和T15处理相比，0 ~ 15 cm和15 ~ 35 cm土层下T35+S和T35+SM处理各向异性和欧拉数均显著降低（P<0.05）。与T15处理相比，不同处理玉米产量均显著增加，其中T35+SM处理最高，增产了10.4%（P<0.05）。0 ~ 15 cm土层>31 μm孔隙总数、孔隙度和500 ~ 1 000 μm孔隙数量与产量相关性最大，分别达到了28.0%、32.2%和27.1%；15 ~ 35 cm土层500 ~ 1 000 μm孔隙数量与产量的相关性最大，达到了29.0%。因此，有机物料深混还田可改善土壤孔隙结构，增加土壤保水供水能力，提高了该地区农业生产能力，是较为理想的棕壤地力培育途径。

Abstract: Soil pore structure plays an important role in the process of soil water and mass transport, and research on soil pore structure under different tillage and organic material return may provide a theoretical basis for optimizing tillage methods. We conducted a field experiment starting in 2018 in a region of northeastern China with Hapli-Udic Cambisol using four treatments: conventional tillage (0 − 15 cm) without or with maize straw return (T15 and T15+S), inversion tillage (0 − 35 cm) with straw return (T35+S), inversion tillage (0 − 35 cm) with cattle manure plus maize straw (T35+SM). Synchrotron radiation CT scanning and digital image analysis technology were used to analyze undisturbed soil columns in 0 − 15 cm and 15 − 35 cm soil layers after maize harvest to quantify soil pore parameters, including pore distribution characteristics, total >31 μm pore number, >31 μm porosity, circularity, Euler number, anisotropy and fractal dimension. The field water capacity was significantly higher in T35+S and T35+SM than that in T15. Compared with T15, the total number of >31 μm pores in 0 − 15 cm soil layer decreased by 15.2%, 54.4% and 60.5%, respectively (P<0.05), and >31 μm porosity decreased by 26.9%, 39.7% and 55.1%, respectively (P<0.05). The number of pores of different particle sizes also decreased significantly in T15+S, T35+S and T35+SM than in T15 in 0 − 15 cm soil layer. But the opposite trends were observed in T35+S and T35+SM in the 15 − 35 cm soil layer. Inversion tillage with organic materials incorporation improved topsoil and subsoil pore connectivity and promoted the regularity of pore shape. The anisotropy and Euler number in 0 − 15 cm and 15 − 35 cm soil layer decreased significantly in T35+S and T35+SM than T15+S and T15. The maize yield in T15+S, T35+S and T35+SM was significantly higher than that in T15, with T35+SM being the highest. Total >31 μm pore number, >31 μm porosity and 500 − 1000 μm pore number in the 0 − 15 cm soil layer were the most correlated with yield with 28.0%, 32.2% and 27.1%, respectively, while <500 μm pore number in the 15 − 35 cm soil layer was the most correlated with yield with 29.0% (P<0.05). Therefore, inversion tillage with organic materials is a more effective way to improve soil fertility, which may enhance agricultural productivity by improving soil pore structure.

图 1 有机物料施用对0 ~ 35 cm土层不同土壤>31 μm孔隙总数和孔隙度的影响

Figure 1. Effects of organic amendments on >31 μm soil pore number and porosity in the 0 − 35 cm soil layer

图 2 有机物料施用对0 ~ 35 cm土层不同孔径土壤孔隙数的影响

Figure 2. Effects of organic amendments on different size of soil pore number in the 0 − 35 cm layer

图 3 有机物料施用对玉米产量的影响

Figure 3. Effects of organic amendments on maize yield

注：TP：>31 μm孔隙度；TN：>31 μm孔隙总数；SN：<500 μm孔隙数；MN：500 ~ 1 000 μm孔隙数；LN：>1 000 μm孔隙数；FD：分形维数；EN：欧拉数；C：成圆率；AN：各向异性；Y：产量；BD：容重；FC：田间持水量；HC：饱和导水率。

Note: TP: total porosity; TN: total number of pores; SN: <500 μm pore number; MN: 500 ~ 1000 μm pore number; LN: >1 000 μm pore number; FD: fractal dimension; EN: euler number; C: circularity; AN: anisotropy; Y: yield; BD: bulk density; FC: field water capacity; HC: saturated hydraulic conductivity.

图 4 基于相关性和多元回归模型的土壤孔隙结构参数与土壤物理性质和玉米产量的相关关系

Figure 4. Correlation of soil pore structure parameters wtih the dissimilarities of soil physical properties and maize yield based on correlation and multiple regression model

表 1 翻耕和有机物还田田间处理

Table 1 Field treatments under different combinations of plowing and organic amendments

处理
Treatments耕作
Soil tillage有机物还田
Organic amendments有机物还田量
Amounts of organic amendments T15浅翻（Shallow plowing ）15 cm秸秆不还田
Straw not return_T15+S浅翻（Shallow plowing） 15 cm秸秆浅混还田
Straw shallow plowing return10 000 kg·hm−2玉米秸秆（Maize straw）T35+S深翻（Deep tillage）35 cm秸秆深混还田
Straw deep tillage return10 000 kg·hm−2玉米秸秆（Maize straw）T35+S+M深翻（Deep tillage）35 cm有机肥加秸秆深混还田
Organic amendments with staw deep
tillage return30 000 kg·hm−2 腐熟生粪（Decomposed raw
manure ）+10 000 kg·hm−2 玉米秸秆
（Maize straw）

表 2 试验前0 ~ 35 cm土壤物理性质

Table 2 Soil physicochemical properties in the 0 − 35 cm profile before the experiment

土层深度
Soil depth/
cm容重
Bulk density/
(g·cm−3)田间持水量
Field water capacity/
%饱和导水率
Saturated hydraulic
conductivity/(cm·min−1)
砂粒
Sand/
%粘粒
Silt/
%粉粒
Clay/
% 0 ~ 151.4523.70.2566.018.914.715 ~ 351.5316.60.0464.721.214.1

表 3 有机物料还田对不同土层土壤物理性质的影响

Table 3 Effects of organic amendments on soil physical properties at different layers

深度
Soil depth/cm处理
Treatment容重
Bulk density/(g·cm−3)田间持水量
Field water capacity/%饱和导水率 Saturated
hydraulic conductivity/(cm·min−1) 0 ~ 15T151.43±0.03 Ba24.9±0.97 Ac0.21±0.01 AcT15+S1.28±0.01 Bbc26.3±1.69 Abc0.50±0.03 AaT35+S1.32±0.01 Bb29.2±1.24 Aab0.41±0.01 AbT35+SM1.24±0.02 Bc32.1±1.77 Aa0.43±0.05 Aab15 ~ 35T151.50±0.01 Aa17.8±1.42 Bc0.04±0.00 BcT15+S1.54±0.03 Aa18.3±0.49 Bc0.04±0.01 BcT35+S1.38±0.02 Ab21.4±0.67 Bb0.06±0.00 BbT35+SM1.29±0.02 Ac27.7±0.68 Ba0.09±0.01 BaS***T***S×Tnsnsns 注：同一指标后不同字母表示不同处理间差异达显著水平（P<0.05）；大写字母代表不同土层同一处理之间的比较，小写字母代表同一土层不同处理之间的比较；表中S表示有机物料还田，T表示耕作深度，S×T表示有机物料还田和耕作深度的交互作用；ns代表不显著；*代表P<0.05；**代表P<0.01；***代表P<0.001。下同。
Note: Different letters indicate significant differences among treatments at 0.05 level. Uppercase letters represent comparisons among treatments at different soil layers, while lowercase letters represent comparisons between different treatments at the same soil layer. The abbreviations S, T and S×T indicate the individual and interactive effects of organic material amendments and tillage depth. ns indicates no significance; * indicates P<0.05, ** indicates P<0.01, *** indicates P<0.001.The same is as below.

表 4 有机物料施用对土壤孔隙结构特征参数的影响

Table 4 Effects of organic amendments on parameters of soil pore structure

深度
Soil depth/cm处理
Treatment各向异性
Anisotropy分形维数
Fractal dimension成圆率
Circularity欧拉数
Euler number 0 ~ 15T150.11±0.003 Ab1.96±0.13 Aa0.84±0.01 Aa30 436±1 569 AaT15+S0.15±0.004 Aa1.99±0.07 Aa0.82±0.07 Aa25 810±458 AbT35+S0.07±0.003 Ad2.02±0.02 Aa0.80±0.05 Aa13 846±140 AcT35+SM0.09±0.005 Ac2.06±0.18 Aa0.79±0.07 Aa12 001±766 Ac15 ~ 35T150.12±0.005 Aa2.00±0.12 Aa0.78±0.03 Ba13 033±823 BaT15+S0.11±0.009 Aa1.99±0.05 Aa0.82±0.06 Aa10 139±694 BbT35+S0.04±0.004 Bb2.04±0.17 Aa0.77±0.06 Aa5 091±264 BcT35+SM0.03±0.004 Bb1.88±0.06 Aa0.89±0.07 Aa3 587±295 BdSnsnsns*T******S×Tnsnsnsns [1]

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