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有机物料配合深耕混合还田快速提升砂质棕壤农业生产力的效果和机理

花匠小妙招
2024-12-21 18:21

摘要:

目的提高土壤肥力是增加作物产量的有效方式，我们尝试了不同耕作和有机肥还田方式对砂粒含量较高且贫瘠的土壤的培肥效果。

方法田间试验于2018年开始，在辽宁南部砂质棕壤进行，供试作物为玉米。以常规浅翻15 cm (T15)为对照，设置了秸秆浅混还田(0—15 cm，T15+S)、深翻35 cm (T35)、秸秆深混还田(0—35 cm，T35+S)、有机肥深混还田(0—35 cm，T35+M)、秸秆有机肥深混还田(0—35 cm，T35+S+M)、免耕(NT)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NT+S)和免耕秸秆条覆盖(HT+HS)处理，共9个处理。2020年玉米收获后，测产，同时取0—15 cm和15—30 cm土层样品，测定土壤pH、有机质和养分含量以及有机碳储量。

结果试验进行3年后，在0—15 cm土层，T35+M和T35+S+M处理土壤有机质含量增幅较T15分别增加了19.2%和20.4%，而NT和T35处理则显著降低；在15—35 cm土层，T35、T35+S、T35+M和T35+S+M处理土壤有机质含量较T15分别增加了12.5%、24.5%、29.9%和35.7%。深翻和有机物料还田(T35+S、T35+M和T35+S+M)显著增加了玉米产量，与T15处理相比，3年T35+S、T35+M和T35+S+M处理玉米产量平均增加了10%、12.3%和16.4%，而浅翻处理(T15+S、NT、NT+S和HT+HS)不同程度地降低了玉米产量。T15+S、HT+HS和NT+S处理间有机质转化率无显著差异，但与T35+S处理相比平均降低了57.9%，与T35+M处理相比平均降低了78.4%。0—15 cm土壤有机质和pH对玉米产量影响显著，而在15—35 cm土层，除pH外，有机质和养分含量以及有机碳储量均对玉米产量有显著影响。

结论腐熟猪粪、猪粪和玉米秸秆配合深翻混合还田可以快速提升0—35 cm土层中的土壤有机碳储量，提高有机质的转化率，是较为理想的棕壤快速培肥途径。通过提高深层土壤有机质和养分含量，提高了辽宁南部棕壤的农业生产能力。

Abstract:

Objectives Ameliorating soil fertility is an effective way to increase crop yields, especially in soils with a coarse sandy loam.

Methods We conducted a field experiment in 2018 on the brown soil in southern Liaoning, China, using nine treatments: conventional shallow tillage (0−15 cm, T15) served as the control, and conventional shallow tillage with maize straw return (T15+S), inversion tillage (0−35 cm) without or with straw return (T35 and T35+S), inversion tillage (0−35 cm) with pig manure (T35+M) and pig manure plus maize straw (T35+S+M), no tillage without or with maize straw mulching (NT and NT+S), and no tillage with maize straw ridged-mulching (HT+HS).

Results Compared with T15 in the 0−15 cm soil layer, soil organic matter content was increased significantly by 19.2% and 20.4% in T35+M and T35+S+M, while NT and T35 significantly decreased. Soil organic matter content in T35, T35+S, T35+M and T35+S+M was 12.5%, 24.5%, 29.9%, and 35.7% higher than that in T15 in the 15−35 cm soil layer, respectively. In the three experimental years, maize yield showed similar trends among the different treatments, that is, inversion tillage and organic material returning significantly increased maize yield. The average maize yield in T35+S, T35+M and T35+S+M was increased by 10%, 12.3%, and 16.4% in the three experimental years, while the yield in T15+S, NT, NT+S, and HT+HS was decreased compared with T15. The increase in soil organic matter and available nutrient content were the main factors influencing maize yield and contributed significantly to it.

Conclusions Inversion tillage with organic materials is a more effective way to improve soil fertility, which could enhance the agricultural productivity of brown soil in the southern part of Liaoning Province.

图 1 翻耕和有机物料还田对3个试验年玉米产量的影响

注：T15—浅翻15 cm秸秆不还田；T15+S—浅翻15 cm秸秆浅混还田 (玉米秸秆10000 kg/hm2)；NT—免耕秸秆不还田；NT+S—免耕秸秆全覆盖 (玉米秸秆10000 kg/hm2)；HT+HS—免耕秸秆条覆盖 (玉米秸秆10000 kg/hm2)；T35—深翻35 cm秸秆不还田；T35+S—深翻35 cm秸秆深混还田 (玉米秸秆10000 kg/hm2)；T35+M—深翻35 cm有机肥深混还田 (腐熟粪肥30000 kg/hm2)；T35+S+M—深翻35 cm有机肥加秸秆深混还田 (腐熟粪肥30000 kg/hm2和玉米秸秆10000 kg/hm2)。柱上不同小写字母表示同一年度处理间差异显著 (P<0.05)

Figure 1. Effects of tillage and organic amendments on maize yield in three experimental years

Note: T15—Shallow tillage 15 cm and without straw return; T15+S—Shallow tillage 15 cm and shallow straw return (maize straw 10000 kg/hm2); NT—No tillage and without straw return; NT+S—No tillage and straw mulching (maize straw 10000 kg/hm2); HT+HS—No tillage and straw ridged-mulching (maize straw 10000 kg/hm2); T35—Inversion tillage 35 cm and without straw return; T35+S—Inversion tillage 35 cm and inversion straw return (maize straw 10000 kg/hm2); T35+M—Inversion tillage 35 cm and inversion organic fertilizer return (manure 30000 kg/hm2); T35+S+M—Inversion tillage 35 cm and inversion organic fertilizer and straw return (manure 30000 kg/hm2 and maize straw 10000 kg/hm2). Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant diffrence among treatments in the same year (P<0.05)

图 2 翻耕和有机物料还田对土壤有机质转化率的影响

注：T15+S—浅翻15 cm秸秆浅混还田 (玉米秸秆10000 kg/hm2)；NT+S—免耕秸秆全覆盖 (玉米秸秆10000 kg/hm2)；HT+HS—免耕秸秆条覆盖 (玉米秸秆10000 kg/hm2)；T35+S—深翻35 cm秸秆深混还田 (玉米秸秆10000 kg/hm2)；T35+M—深翻35 cm有机肥深混还田 (腐熟粪肥30000 kg/hm2)；T35+S+M—深翻35 cm有机肥加秸秆深混还田 (腐熟粪肥30000 kg/hm2和玉米秸秆10000 kg/hm2)。柱上不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著 (P<0.05)

Figure 2. Effects of tillage and organic amendments on soil organic matter turnover rate

Note: T15+S—Shallow tillage 15 cm and shallow straw return (maize straw 10000 kg/hm2); NT+S—No tillage and straw mulching (maize straw 10000 kg/hm2); HT+HS—No tillage and straw ridged-mulching (maize straw 10000 kg/hm2); T35+S—Inversion tillage 35 cm and inversion straw return (maize straw 10000 kg/hm2); T35+M—Inversion tillage 35 cm and inversion organic fertilizer return (manure 30000 kg/hm2); T35+S+M—Inversion tillage 35 cm and inversion organic fertilizer and straw return (manure 30000 kg/hm2 and maize straw 10000 kg/hm2). Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant diffrence among treatments (P<0.05)

图 3 土壤有机质和速效养分对玉米产量的贡献度

注：AN—碱解氮；TN—全氮；AK—速效钾；AP—有效磷；SOM—土壤有机质；SOCS—土壤有机碳储量。*—P<0.05；**—P<0.01

Figure 3. Contributions of soil organic matter and available nutrient to maize yield

Note: AN—Available nitrogen; TN—Total nitrogen; AK—Available potassium; AP—Available phosphorous; SOM—Soil organic matter; SOCS—Soil organic carbon storage. *—P<0.05; **—P<0.01

表 1 基础土壤0—35 cm土层物理化学性质

Table 1 Basic soil physicochemical properties at 0−35 cm depth

土层深度 (cm)
Soil depth有机质 (g/kg)
Organic matter全氮 (g/kg)
Total N碱解氮 (mg/kg)
Available N有效磷 (mg/kg)
Available P速效钾 (mg/kg)
Available KpH 0—1517.01.0275.810.985.55.4815—3510.70.6851.82.936.16.49

表 2 翻耕和有机物还田田间处理

Table 2 Field treatments under different combinations of plowing and organic amendments

处理
Treatment耕作
Soil tillage有机物还田
Organic amendments有机物还田量
Amounts of
organic amendments有机物养分年投入量 (kg/hm2)
Annual organic nutrient inputCNP2O5K2O T15浅翻15 cm
Shallow tillage 15 cm秸秆不还田
Without straw return00000T35深翻35 cm
Inversion tillage 35 cm秸秆不还田
Without straw return00000NT免耕
No tillage秸秆不还田
Without straw return00000NT+S免耕
No tillage秸秆全覆盖
Straw mulching玉米秸秆10000 kg/hm2
Maize straw 10000 kg/hm2407062879HT+HS免耕
No tillage秸秆条覆盖
Straw ridged-mulching玉米秸秆10000 kg/hm2
Maize straw 10000 kg/hm2407062879T15+S浅翻15 cm
Shallow tillage 15 cm秸秆浅混还田
Shallow straw return玉米秸秆10000 kg/hm2
Maize straw 10000 kg/hm2407062879T35+S深翻35 cm
Inversion tillage 35 cm秸秆深混还田
Inversion straw return玉米秸秆10000 kg/hm2
Maize straw 10000 kg/hm2407062879T35+M深翻35 cm
Inversion tillage 35 cm有机肥深混还田
Inversion organic fertilizer return腐熟粪肥30000 kg/hm2
Manure 30000 kg/hm29090699261363T35+S+M深翻35 cm
Inversion tillage 35 cm有机肥加秸秆深混还田
Inversion organic fertilizer
and straw return腐熟粪肥30000 kg/hm2和
玉米秸秆10000 kg/hm2
Manure 30000 kg/hm2 and
maize straw 10000 kg/hm213160761269442

表 3 翻耕和有机物料还田对土壤有机质和速效养分含量的影响

Table 3 Effects of plowing and organic amendments on soil organic matter and available nutrient contents

土层深度
Soil depth
(cm)处理
Treatment有机质
Organic matter
(g/kg)有机碳储量
Organic C storage
(t/hm2)全氮
Total N
(g/kg)碱解氮
Available N
(mg/kg)有效磷
Available P
(mg/kg)速效钾
Available K
(mg/kg)pH 0—15T1516.79 c20.42 b1.12 d81.54 ef9.36 d88.00 d5.55 cT15+S18.32 b20.73 b1.19 cd88.49 abc13.97 bc95.67 c5.52 cNT16.13 d20.86 b1.02 e82.67 def9.43 d83.67 d5.52 cNT+S17.29 c21.03 b1.18 cd85.46 cde15.59 ab96.00 bc5.66 bcHT+HS16.91 c20.57 b1.22 bc87.57 bcd17.42 a96.33 bc5.50 cT3515.08 e18.01 d1.03 e79.43 f9.56 d53.33 e5.94 aT35+S18.06 b19.37 c1.19 cd85.80 cde12.75 c88.33 d6.00 aT35+M20.00 a21.62 a1.27 ab91.03 ab17.04 a102.00 b5.88 aT35+S+M20.21 a21.56 a1.30 a92.58 a17.29 a116.33 a5.86 ab15—35T1510.64 d18.90 c0.66 c48.05 d2.69 cd40.67 de6.55 abT15+S10.65 d19.02 c0.68 c48.38 d2.60 cd38.33 e6.68 aNT10.24 d18.41 c0.67 c46.17 d2.88 cd37.00 e6.45 bcNT+S10.40 d18.89 c0.64 c43.79 d2.37 d39.33 e6.68 aHT+HS10.51 d19.12 c0.64 c47.65 d2.26 d40.67 de6.42 bcT3511.98 c19.33 c0.70 bc57.55 c3.15 c46.00 cd6.32 cdT35+S13.25 b20.83 b0.76 ab71.79 ab4.96 b51.33 bc6.35 cdT35+M13.82 ab21.58 ab0.77 a69.74 b5.19 ab53.33 ab6.22 dT35+S+M14.44 a22.45 a0.80 a74.86 a5.76 a58.67 a6.30 cd 注：T15—浅翻15 cm秸秆不还田；T15+S—浅翻15 cm秸秆浅混还田 (玉米秸秆10000 kg/hm2)；NT—免耕秸秆不还田；NT+S—免耕秸秆全覆盖 (玉米秸秆10000 kg/hm2)；HT+HS—免耕秸秆条覆盖 (玉米秸秆10000 kg/hm2)；T35—深翻35 cm秸秆不还田；T35+S—深翻35 cm秸秆深混还田 (玉米秸秆10000 kg/hm2)；T35+M—深翻35 cm有机肥深混还田 (腐熟粪肥30000 kg/hm2)；T35+S+M—深翻35 cm有机肥加秸秆深混还田 (腐熟粪肥30000 kg/hm2和玉米秸秆10000 kg/hm2)。数据为2020年秋收后采集土壤样品测试结果。同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一土层不同处理间差异显著 (P<0.05)。
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