农业活动对三江平原湿地主要植物种群生态位的影响
摘要： 农业活动是三江平原湿地主要干扰方式之一，长期的农业活动已对该区域湿地生态环境产生显著影响。本研究以三江平原退化湿地20种主要植物为研究对象，分析其在土壤含水量、土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾8个资源维上的生态位宽度及生态位重叠特征，揭示农业活动导致的生境退化对湿地主要植物种群生态位产生的影响。研究结果表明：优势种中，小叶章具有最大生态位宽度，漂筏苔草具有最小生态位宽度。伴生种中，球尾花具有最大生态位宽度。湿地植物对不同资源的利用能力存在差异。60%的湿地植物对土壤有机碳表现为较窄的生态位宽度，70%以上的湿地植物在土壤含水量、氮、磷、钾资源维具有较高的生态位宽度。优势种在土壤含水量、土壤有机碳和氮资源维表现出不同的生态位宽度和生态位重叠，这种差异是影响湿地优势物种分布和种群生态位分化的主要原因之一。农业活动导致的土壤养分的变化，会引起植物种群间对有限资源的竞争，成为影响植物群落物种组成和群落动态的关键因素。
关键词: 农业活动, 种群, 生态位宽度, 生态位重叠, 湿地
Abstract: Agricultural activities is one of the main disturbance styles in Sanjiang Plain, and the long-term agricultural activities had made a significant influence on the wetland environment. The 20 dominant species in Sanjiang Plain were selected to study its characteristics of niche breadth and niche overlap in 8 resources dimensions, including soil moisture, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, total potassium, available potassium, and soil organic carbon, and reveal the impact of agricultural activities on the niche of dominant plant populations. Deyeuxia angustifolia has the greatest niche breadth, and Carex lasiocarpa has the smallest niche breadth among the dominant species. Among the companion species, Lysimachia thyrsiflora has the greatest niche breadth. The 20 dominant species showed the difference in utilization of different resources dimensions. More than 60% species showed a narrow niche breadth in SOC, and more than 60% species showed a wide niche breadth in soil moisture, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The dominant species showed the different niche breadth and niche overlap in soil moisture, SOC and N, and this differences are the main factors affecting the species distribution and population differentiation. The change of soil environment caused by agricultural activities would lead to the competition for limited resources among plant populations, and it would be also the key factors influencing the species composition and community dynamics.
Key words: agricultural activities, populations, niche breadth, niche overlap, wetland
中图分类号:
Q145+.1
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