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大麻Cannabis sativa Linn.

花匠小妙招
2024-12-23 14:55

别名：花麻;状元红;籽麻;茡麻;子麻;大麻仁;线麻子;麻子;敖鲁苏;白麻子;大火麻;火麻;胡麻;苧麻;黄麻;麻仁;北麻;麻籽;黄麻仁;麻;苴麻;尖麻;火麻子;火麻仁;枲麻;好麻;蕡;小麻子;枲实;苏日麻－纳格布;青羊;青葛;织麻;汉麻;冬麻子;大麻子;敖老森－乌日;麻蓝;野大麻;麻蕡;野麻;小麻;线麻;麻子仁;苏嘎;山丝苗;汗麻;牡麻;山麻;糖麻;marijuana;

科名：桑科 Moraceae

属名：大麻属 Cannabis

《中国植物志》第23(1)卷223页
  大麻（本草经）山丝苗（救荒本草），线麻（东北）、胡麻、野麻（江苏）、火麻（湖北、云南、四川、贵州）图版57: 1-2
  Cannabis sativa Linn. Sp. Pl. 1: 1027. 1753; DC. Prodr. 17: 31. 1873; Makino, Fl. Nippon 156. 1903; 中国高等植物图鉴 1: 503, f. 1005. 1972; 云南植物志 1: 159. 1977; Uriers. et Lung, Fl. Bhutan 1(1): 139. 1983.
  一年生直立草本，高1-3米，枝具纵沟槽，密生灰白色贴伏毛。叶掌状全裂，裂片披针形或线状披针形，长7-15厘米，中裂片最长，宽0.5-2厘米，先端渐尖，基部狭楔形，表面深绿，微被糙毛，背面幼时密被灰白色贴状毛后变无毛，边缘具向内弯的粗锯齿，中脉及侧脉在表面微下陷，背面隆起；叶柄长3-15厘米，密被灰白色贴伏毛；托叶线形。雄花序长达25厘米；花黄绿色，花被5，膜质，外面被细伏贴毛，雄蕊5，花丝极短，花药长圆形；小花柄长约2-4毫米；雌花绿色；花被1，紧包子房，略被小毛；子房近球形，外面包于苞片。瘦果为宿存黄褐色苞片所包，果皮坚脆，表面具细网纹。花期5-6月，果期为7月。
  原产锡金、不丹、印度和中亚细亚，现各国均有野生或栽培。我国各地也有栽培或沦为野生。新疆常见野生。
  茎皮纤维长而坚韧，可用以织麻布或纺线，制绳索，编织渔网和造纸；种子榨油，含油量30％，可供做油漆，涂料等，油渣可作饲料。果实中医称“火麻仁”或“大麻仁”入药，性平，味甘，功能：润肠，主治大便燥结。花称“麻勃”，主治恶风，经闭，健忘果壳和苞片称“麻蕡”，有毒，治劳伤，破积、散脓，多服令人发狂；叶含麻醉性树脂可以配制麻醉剂。
  早在二世纪时，东汉崔宴即指出大麻有雌雄株的区别。分别称雄株为“枲”或“牡麻”；雌株为“怠”或“子麻”。
  有二亚种。ssp. sativa 生产纤维和油，具较高而细长，稀疏分枝的茎和长而中空的节间，如锡金、不丹至我国通常栽培的大麻（火麻）；ssp. indica (Lamarck) Small et Cronquist，生产大量树脂，特别是在幼叶和花序中。其植株较小，多分枝而具短而实心的节间。后者乃是生产“大麻烟”违禁品的植物，在大多数国家禁止栽培。

《Flora of China》 Vol. 5 (2003)
Cannabis sativa Linnaeus
大麻 da ma
Cannabis indica Lamarck; C. sativa var. indica (Lamarck) E. Small & Cronquist.
Plants 1-3 m tall. Branchlets densely white pubescent. Stipules linear. Leaves alternate; petiole 2-7 cm; leaf blade abaxially whitish green, strigose, and with scattered brownish resinous dots, adaxially dark green and with cystolith hairs; leaflets usually lanceolate to linear, (3-)7-15 × (0.2-)0.5-1.5(-2) cm with longest in middle, margin coarsely serrate, apex acuminate. Male inflorescences ca. 25 cm. Male flowers: yellowish green, nodding; pedicel 2-4 mm, thin; sepals ovate to lanceolate, 2.5-4 mm, membranous, with sparse prostrate hairs; petals absent; filament 0.5-1 mm; anthers oblong. Female inflorescences crowded in apical leaf axils among leaflike bracts and bracteoles. Female flowers: green, sessile; calyx sparsely pubescent; ovary globose, ± enclosed by appressed calyx, surrounded closely by bract and bracteoles. Persistent bracts yellow. Achene flattened ovoid, 2-5 mm; pericarp crustaceous, finely reticulate. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Jul.
Cultivated. throughout China, native or naturalized in Xinjiang [native or naturalized in Bhutan, India, and Sikkim; C Asia].
Cannabis sativa is probably originally native to Central Asia, but its long cultivation makes it difficult to know its exact original distribution. This long cultivation and human selection for different desirable characteristics has resulted in considerable variation, but separation of it into either several species or the recognition of several varieties is probably not justified beyond the level of cultivated forms. Cannabis ruderalis Janischewsky, from Russia, is considered by some to be a distinct species from C. sativa.

The long, strong fibers are used in the paper-making industry and for weaving cloth, the seeds are a source of oil, the leaves, flowers, and fruit are used medicinally, and the female inflorescences (particularly the glandular leafy bracts and bracteoles) are used as a drug.