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浙产特色中药材病虫害化学防治的研究进展

花匠小妙招
2025-01-05 15:52

摘要: 中药材是中医药事业发展的物质基础，也是中国的战略性资源。铁皮石斛、“浙八味”等浙产特色中药材在中国具有重要地位，近年来发展迅速，其种植过程中病虫危害、农药不合理使用等因素已成为药材质量安全的隐患。由于该领域的研究起步迟，基础研究薄弱，少量研究报道主要集中于病虫发生症状、田间药剂防治等方面；生产上缺少登记农药可用，农药残留限量标准及安全用药规范几乎是空白，抗药性研究还刚起步，意味着科学用药水平亟待提高。本文总结了近20年来浙产特色中药材病虫害化学防治的研究现状，包括病虫害鉴定、实验室和田间药剂筛选、农药残留及抗药性等方面，针对当前存在的薄弱环节和主要问题，提出应加强病虫害防治与药材质量安全相关的基础研究，加快药剂筛选与登记及相关标准的制定，加强抗药性监测与治理，加快综合防治技术集成推广，推进安全用药，为中药材病虫害防治提供理论依据和技术支撑，以期为其他特色作物病虫害的化学防治提供借鉴。

Abstract: Chinese herbal medicine is the strategic resource and the basis for the development of traditional Chinese medicine. Dendrobium officinale, " 8 famous Chinese herbal medicine” and other Chinese herbal medicinal materials production in Zhejiang play an important position in China. With the rapid development in recent years, the pest damage, the pesticide pollution and residue due to improper use have become risks to the quality and safety of Chinese herbal medicines. Since the relative researches focused on the description of pest’s symptoms and field trails of control were a little later and fewer. And the basic researches were very weak. There was few registered pesticides for the farmers. And nearly no standards of pesticide residues and the safe usage procedures of pesticides were provided. The corresponding resistance research was rare. Therefore, that there were many works need to be done for the scientific application of pesticides. This review summarized the status of chemical control on the pests of characteristic Chinese herbal medicines in Zhejiang Province in the past 20 years, including aspects such as systematical identification of the pests, assay pesticides in laboratory and fields, residues and resistance. According to the weaknesses and major problems, we proposed that the basic researches of pests control and quality safety, the screening of new pesticides, pesticides registration and relative standards, pesticides resistance monitoring and management, the research and promotion of comprehensive management technology, safe application of pesticides should be strengthened and accelerated in order to supply theoretical basis and technological supports for the pests control of Chinese herb and to provide references for chemical control of pests on other small crops.

表 1 浙产特色中药材种植概况及病虫害种类

Table 1 Planting survey and pest species of characteristic Chinese herbal medicines in Zhejiang Province

药材名称
Chinese herbal medicine种植面积
Planting area/hm2产量
Yield/t占全国比重
Proportion/%产值/亿元
Value/RMB 0.1bn常见病虫种类 Species of common pests病害 Disease虫害 Insect总数 Total 铁皮石斛 D. officinale 2 800 7 900 70 45 12 16 28 灵芝 G. lucidum 330 2 100 30 15 4 5 9 西红花 C. sativus 400 2.3 50 2 2 2 4 浙贝母 F. thunbergii 3 450 15 000 90 7.5 5 7 12 杭白菊 C. morifolium 3 800 9 500 50 5 8 10 18 元胡 R. Corydalis 3 400 6 700 40 1.6 5 4 9 白术 A. macrocephala 1 400 4 100 30 1.1 5 7 12 玄参 S. ningpeensis 900 4 200 30 0.8 4 5 9 浙麦冬 O. japonicus 500 700 － 0.2 4 3 7 杭白芍 P. lactiflora 450 1 400 － 0.2 3 5 8 温郁金 C. aromatica 1 000 6 300 － 0.3 4 5 9注：“－”表示暂无数据。Note: "－" means no available data.

表 2 浙产特色中药材病害种类及化学防治现状

Table 2 Disease and chemical control of Chinese herbal medicine plants in Zhejiang Province

药材名称
Chinese herbal medicine病害
Disease病原菌鉴定
Pathogen identify室内药剂筛选
Fungicide screened in the laboratory大田药剂筛选
Fungicide screened in the field农药登记产品
Registered pesticides 铁皮石斛
D. officinale 疫病
Blight disease 烟草疫霉菌
Phytophthora nicotianae
棕榈疫霉
P. palmivora 暂无 No 68% 精甲霜灵·代森锰锌水分散粒剂
68% metalaxyl-m·mancozeb WDG
72% 霜脲氰·代森锰锌可湿性粉剂
72% cymoxanil·mancozeb WP
80% 代森锰锌可湿性粉剂
80% mancozeb WP 暂无 No 轮斑病
Ring rot 露湿漆斑菌
Myrothecium roridum 春雷霉素 kasugamycin
氟吡菌酰胺·肟菌酯 fluopyram·trifloxystrobin
吡唑萘菌胺·嘧菌酯 isopyrazam·azoxystrobin
甲基硫菌灵
thiophanate-methyl 42.8% 氟吡菌酰胺·肟菌酯悬浮剂 42.8% fluopyram·trifloxystrobin SC
25% 嘧菌酯悬浮剂
25% azoxystrobin SC
25% 咪鲜胺乳油
25% prochloraz EC
10% 苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂
10% difenoconazole WDG
80% 代森锰锌可湿性粉剂
80% mancozeb WP
50% 多菌灵·乙霉威可湿性粉剂
50% carbendazim·diethofencarb WP 暂无 No 黑斑病
Black spot 细极链格孢
Alternaria tenuissima
链格孢
A. alternate 咯菌腈 fludioxonil
苯醚甲环唑 difenoconazole
代森锰锌 mancozeb
代森锌 zineb
福美双·福美锌 thiram·ziram
咪鲜胺 prochloraz 450 g/L 咪鲜胺水乳剂
450 g/L prochloraz EW 450 g/L 咪鲜胺水乳剂
450 g/L prochloraz EW 炭疽病
Anthracnose 茶树炭疽菌
Colletotrichum fructicola
胶孢炭疽菌
C. gloeosporioides
蝴蝶兰炭疽菌
C. phalaenopsidis
辣椒炭疽病
C. capsica
黑线炭疽菌
C. dematium
铁皮石斛围小丛壳菌 Glomerella cingulata 咪鲜胺 prochloraz
苯醚甲环唑 difenoconazole
春雷霉素 kasugamycin
甲基硫菌灵
thiophanate-methyl 暂无 No 75% 苯醚甲环唑·咪鲜胺可湿性粉剂
75% difenoconazole·
prochloraz WP
25% 咪鲜胺乳油
25% prochloraz EC 白绢病
Southern blight 齐整小核菌
Sclerotium rolfsii
翠雀小菌 S. delphini 寡雄腐霉
Pythium oligandrum
乙蒜素 ethylicin
三唑酮 triadimefon
百菌清 chlorothalonil
小檗碱 berberine 暂无 No 16% 井冈霉素·噻呋酰胺悬浮剂
16% jinggangmycin·
thifluzamide SC 根腐病
Root rot 接骨木镰刀菌
Fusarium sambucium 暂无 No 暂无 No 暂无 No 锈病
Rust disease 花椒鞘锈菌
Coleosporium zanthoxyli 暂无 No 暂无 No 22.5% 啶氧菌酯悬浮剂 22.5% picoxystrobin SC 灰霉病
Grey mould 灰葡萄孢霉
Botrytis cinerea 暂无 No 暂无 No 暂无 No 枯梢病
Die back 互隔链格孢
A. alternate 暂无 No 暂无 No 暂无 No 茎腐病
Stem rot 可可球二孢
Lasiodiplodia theobromae 暂无 No 暂无 No 暂无 No 软腐病
Soft rot 终极腐霉
Pythium ultimo 暂无 No 暂无 No 20% 噻森铜悬浮剂
20% saisentong SC 枯萎病
Fusarium wilt 尖孢镰刀菌
F. oxysporum 暂无 No 暂无 No 暂无 No 霜霉病
Downy mildew 暂无 No 暂无 No 暂无 No 80% 烯酰吗啉水分散粒剂
80% dimethomorph WDG 西红花
C. Sativus 腐烂病
Corm rot 巴西曲霉
Aspergillus brasiliensis
尖孢镰刀菌
F. oxysporum
桔青霉菌
Penicillium citrinum
腐皮镰刀菌
F. solani 退菌特·克菌丹 tuzet·capten
三唑酮 triadimefon 50% 乙烯菌核利水分散粒剂
50% vinclozolin WDG
50% 腐霉利可湿性粉剂
50% procymidone WP
50% 多菌灵·乙霉威可湿性粉剂
50% carbendazim·diethofencarb WP
25% 吡唑醚菌酯乳油
25% pyraclostrobin EC 暂无 No 杭白菊
C. morifolium 枯萎病
Fusarium wilt 半裸镰刀菌
F. incarnatum 暂无 No 暂无 No 暂无 No 叶枯病
Leaf blight Phoma bellidi
球毛壳菌
Chaetomium globosum
尖孢镰刀菌
F. oxysporum 咯菌腈 fludioxonil
咪鲜胺 prochloraz
吡唑醚菌酯 pyraclostrobin
嘧菌酯 azoxystrobin
戊唑醇 tebuconazole
苯醚甲环唑 difenoconazole 暂无 No 8% 井冈霉素A水剂
8% jinggangmycin A SL 病毒病
Virus 菊花B病毒 CVB 暂无 No 暂无 No 暂无 No 白绢病
Southern blight 罗氏白绢小菌核菌
S. rolfsii 暂无 No 3% 井冈霉素水剂
3% jinggangmycin SL
50% 多菌灵可湿性粉剂
50% carbendazim WP
20% 稻脚青可湿性粉剂
20% zinc methanearsonate WP 暂无 No 根腐病
Root rot 暂无 No 暂无 No 暂无 No 8% 井冈霉素A水剂
8% jinggangmycin A SL 元胡
R. corydalis 霜霉病
Downy mildew 暂无 No 暂无 No 25% 甲霜灵·霜霉威可湿性粉剂
25% metalaxyl·propamocarb WP
72% 霜脲氰·代森锰锌可湿性粉剂
72% cymoxanil·mancozeb WP
32.5% 苯醚甲环唑·嘧菌酯悬浮剂
32.5% difenoconazole·azoxystrobin SC 722 g/L 霜霉威盐酸盐水剂
722 g/L propamocarb hydrochloride SL 菌核病
Sclerotinose 暂无 No 暂无 No 25% 嘧霉胺可湿性粉剂
25% pyrimethanil WP 25% 嘧霉胺可湿性粉剂
25% pyrimethanil WP白术
A. Macrocephala 根腐病
Root rot 尖镰孢菌
F. oxysporum
半裸镰孢菌
F. semitectumb
茄病镰刀菌
F. solanic
燕麦镰刀菌
F. avenaceum
木贼镰刀菌
F. equieti
立枯丝核菌
Rhizoctonia solan
瓜果腐霉
Phythium aphanidermatum 甲基硫菌灵
thiophanate-methyl
多菌灵 carbendazim
百菌清 chlorothalonil
甲基硫菌灵·硫磺
thiophanate-methyl·sulphur
腐霉利 procymidone
三环唑 tricyzlazole
灭菌威
glutaric dialdehyde
霉灵·甲霜灵 hymexazol·metalaxyl
乙酸铜 cupric acetate 80% 多菌灵可湿性粉剂
80% carbendazim WP
64% 霜灵·代森锰锌可湿性粉剂
64% metoxazon·mancozeb WP
30% 霉灵水剂
30% hymexazol SL
40% 五氯硝基苯·多菌灵可湿性粉剂
40% quintozene·carbendazim WP
30% 苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑乳油
30% difenoconazole·propiconazole EC
430 g/L 戊唑醇悬浮剂
430 g/L tebuconazole SC
70% 甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂
70% thiophanate-methyl WP
50% 多菌灵可湿性粉剂
50% carbendazim WP
99% 霜灵可湿性粉剂
99% metoxazon WP
25% 三唑酮可湿性粉剂
25% triadimefon WP 暂无 No 立枯病
Sheath blight 立枯丝核菌 R. solani 噻呋酰胺 thifluzamide
咯菌腈 fludioxonil 暂无 No 60% 井冈霉素可溶性
粉剂
60% jinggangmycin SP 白绢病
Southern blight 齐整小核菌 S. rolfsii 吡唑醚菌酯 pyraclostrobin
甲基立枯灵
tolclofos-methyl
三唑酮 triadimefon
甲基硫菌灵
thiophanate-methyl
福美双 thiram
菌核净 dimethachlon
嘧霉胺 pyrimethanil
三唑酮 Triadimefon
苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑 difenoconazole·propiconazole
氟硅唑 Flusilazole
霉灵·甲霜灵 hymexazol·metalaxyl
乙酸铜 cupric acetate
井冈霉素·嘧苷素 jinggangmycin·pyrimidine nucleoside antibiotics 20% 甲基立枯灵可湿性粉剂
20% tolclofos-methyl WP
50% 甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂
50% thiophanate-methyl WP
15% 三唑酮乳油
15% triadimefon EC
40% 福美双可湿性粉剂
40% thiramWP
75% 百菌清可湿性粉剂
75% chlorothalonil WP
95% 霉灵
95% metoxazon
50% 多菌灵可湿性粉剂
50% carbendazim WP 10% 井冈霉素水溶粉剂
10% jinggangmycin SP
20% 井冈霉素水溶粉剂
20% jinggangmycin SP
6% 井冈霉素·嘧苷素水剂
6% jinggangmycin·pyrimidine nucleoside antibiotics SL 叶枯病
Leaf blight 小孢拟盘多孢
Pestalotiopsis microspora 暂无 No 暂无 No 暂无 No 枯斑病
Spot blight Phoma exigua 咯菌腈 fludioxonil
嘧菌酯 azoxystrobin
吡唑醚菌酯 pyraclostrobin 暂无 No 暂无 No 黑斑病
Black spot A. alternata 咪鲜胺 prochloraz 暂无 No 暂无 No 叶斑病
Leaf spot 长柄链格孢菌
A. longipes 暂无 No 暂无 No 暂无 No 病毒病
Virus 黄瓜花叶病毒
Cucumber mosaic virus
蚕豆萎蔫病毒2号
Broad bean wilt virus 2 暂无 No 暂无 No 暂无 No 玄参
S. ningpeensis 叶斑病
Leaf spot Stagonosporopsis trachelii
Phoma herbarum
玄参叶点霉
Phyllosticta scrophulariae 苯醚甲环唑 difenoconazole
苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑 difenoconazole·propiconazole 10% 苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂
10% difenoconazole WDG
30% 苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑乳油
30% difenoconazole·propiconazole EC
50% 多菌灵可湿性粉剂
50% carbendazim WP
15% 三唑酮可湿性粉剂
15% triadimefon WP 暂无 No 白绢病
Southern bligh 齐整小核菌
S. rolfsii 丙环唑·嘧菌酯 propiconazole·azoxystrobin
丁子香酚 eugenol
多抗霉素 polyoxin 暂无 No 暂无 No 斑枯病
Spot blight 玄参壳针孢
Septoria scrophulariae 甲基硫菌灵
thiophanate-methyl
多菌灵 carbendazim
代森锰锌mancozeb
百菌清 chlorothalonil
咪鲜胺 prochloraz 400 g/L 氟硅唑乳油
400 g/L flusilazole EC
80% 多菌灵可湿性粉剂
80% carbendazim WP
70% 甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂
70% thiophanate-methyl WP
10% 苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂
10% difenoconazole WDG
25% 咪鲜胺乳油
25% prochloraz EC 暂无 No 茎枯病
Stem blight 草茎点霉菌
Phoma herarum 氟硅唑 flusilazole
多菌灵 carbendazim 暂无 No 暂无 No 炭疽病
Anthracnose 褐炭疽菌
Colletotrichum fuscum
辣椒炭疽菌
C. capsici 氟硅唑 flusilazole
多菌灵 carbendazim 暂无 No 暂无 No 斑驳病 Mottle Scrophulariae mottle virus 暂无 No 暂无 No 暂无 No 轮纹病
Ring spot 玄参壳二孢
Ascochyta scrophulariae 暂无 No 暂无 No 暂无 No 温郁金
D. aromatica 叶枯病
Leaf blight 棒弯孢霉
Curvularia clavata
拟康宁木霉
Trichoderma koningiopsis 代森锰锌 mancozeb
咪鲜胺 prochloraz 68% 精甲霜灵·代森锰锌
水分散粒剂
68% metalaxyl-m·propamocarb WDG
72% 霜脲氰·代森锰锌可湿性粉剂
72% cymoxanil·mancozeb WP
80% 代森锰锌可湿性粉剂
80% mancozeb WP 暂无 No 白绢病
Southern blight 齐整小核菌
S. rolfsii 烯唑醇 diniconazole
吡唑醚菌酯 pyraclostrobin
苯醚甲环唑 difenoconazole
氟硅唑 flusilazole 暂无 No 暂无 No 炭疽病
Anthracnose 郁金炭疽菌
C. curcumae 烯唑醇 diniconazole
咪鲜胺 prochloraz
氟硅唑 flusilazole
丙环唑 propiconazole 暂无 No 暂无 No 甘薯病毒病
Sweetpotato virus diseases 甘薯羽状斑驳病毒
SPFMV
甘薯轻斑驳病毒
SPFMMV
甘薯潜隐病毒 SPLV
甘薯轻斑点病毒 SPMSV 暂无 No 暂无 No 暂无 No 根腐病
Root rot 层出镰孢菌
F. proliferatum 戊唑醇 tebuconazole
咪鲜胺 prochloraz
多菌灵 carbendazim
苯醚甲环唑 difenoconazole 暂无 No 暂无 No 细菌性枯萎病
Bacterial wilt 劳尔氏菌
Ralstonia solanacearum 福美双 thiram
链霉素·土霉素 streptomycin·terramycin 暂无 No 暂无 No注：除农药登记产品数据由中国农药信息网获得外，其余数据均由中国知网文章整理获得，截止时间均为2019年6月。Note: Except for data of registered pesticides which was from China Pesticide Information Network, all the other data were collected from www.cnki.net based analysis of published paper. Both the cut-off time were June, 2019. [1] 郭巧生, 王长林. 我国药用植物栽培历史概况与展望[J]. 中国中药杂志, 2015, 40(17): 3391-3394.

GUO Q S, WANG C L. Retrospect and prospect of medicinal plants cultivation in China[J]. China J Chin Mater Med, 2015, 40(17): 3391-3394.

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DAI D J, SHEN Y, DING P, et al. Current status and prospect of pesticides registration on special crops in Zhejiang Province[J]. J Zhejiang Agric Sci, 2015, 56(3): 299-302, 306.

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