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冀中南种植黄瓜设施土壤盐分、酸碱性和养分状况分析

花匠小妙招
2025-01-07 14:40

摘要:

目的明确冀中南种植黄瓜设施土壤盐分、酸碱性和养分状况，为提高土壤质量及农业绿色发展提供依据。

方法于2015年在冀中南地区6个黄瓜设施栽培主产区以20 cm土层厚度、分5层采集1 m土层的设施内及其相邻或附近露地粮田土壤样品（分别称为设施土壤和粮田土壤），测定盐分、酸碱性及养分含量，分析该区域设施土壤理化性质及养分变化状况。

结果（1）与粮田土壤相比，冀中南设施表层（0 ~ 20 cm）土壤盐分、有机质、硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾均显著增加，其平均含量分别为粮田土壤的1.78倍、1.43倍、2.56倍、7.59倍、2.56倍；土壤pH显著降低，平均降幅为0.54个单位。（2）不同采样点间设施土壤（0 ~ 20 cm）盐分、酸碱性、养分状况存在较大的差异，土壤电导率变化范围为271.6 ~ 631.6 µS cm−1 ，土壤pH变化范围为7.20 ~ 7.93，土壤有机质、硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾变化范围分别为16.2 ~ 36.4 g kg−1 、52.9 ~ 205.9 mg kg−1、107.5 ~ 315.6 mg kg−1、188.9 ~ 757.9 mg kg−1。（3）设施土壤0 ~ 100 cm土层硝态氮和速效磷含量均高于同层粮田土壤，每层增幅分别为77.9%、69.2%、38.6%、25.1%、73.6%和161.3%、261.85%、224.7%、135.3%、120.4%，除40 ~ 60 cm与60 ~ 80 cm土层土壤硝态氮差异不显著外，其余均显著高于粮田土壤。

结论与粮田土壤相比，冀中南种植黄瓜的设施土壤盐分积累严重、pH显著下降，养分含量显著提高、但不同养分间比例不平衡；需提高土壤有机质含量、总量控制养分投入量和不同养分间比例，以防治土壤次生盐渍化和pH下降趋势，进而提高土壤质量，为蔬菜高产稳产和设施农业绿色发展提供技术支撑。

关键词: 设施黄瓜 / 土壤质量 / 盐分 / 酸碱性 / 养分

Abstract:

Objective Clarifying the soil salinity, acidity, alkalinity and nutrients of the greenhouse cucumber will provide an effective basis for improving soil quality and green development of the greenhouse cucumber in central and southern Hebei Province.

Method six main production areas of facility in central and Southern Hebe were selected as the research object in 2015, the soil samples with 1 m soil layer in cucumber-planted greenhouse and its adjacent or nearby open grain-planted field were collected in 5 layers with a thickness of 20 cm. These soil samples were used to determine the salinity, acid-base and nutrient status and analyze the physical and chemical properties and nutrient changes in this area.

Result The results showed that: (1) Compared with the grain-planted soil, the surface soil (0-20 cm) salt, organic matter, nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in cucumber-planted greenhouse in central and southern Hebei were significantly increased, and the average contents were 1.78, 1.43, 2.56, 7.59 and 2.56 times of the grain-planted soil, respectively. Soil pH decreased significantly by 0.54 units. (2) There were great differences in soil salinity, acidity, alkalinity and nutrients in cucumber-planted greenhouse in different sampling sites. The soil electrical conductivity ranged from 271.57 to 631.6 μS cm−1, and the soil pH ranged from 7.20 to 7.93. Soil organic matter, nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium ranged from 16.2 to 36.4 g kg−1, 52.9 to 205.9 mg kg−1, 107.5 to 315.6 mg kg−1 and 188.9 to 757.9 mg kg−1, respectively. (3) The contents of nitrate nitrogen and available phosphorus in different 0-100 cm soil layers in cucumber-planted greenhouse were higher than those in grain-planted soil. In 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm, 60-80 cm, 80-100 cm soil layers, the increase rates of nitrate nitrogen and available phosphorus were 77.9%, 69.2%, 38.6%, 25.1%, 73.6% and 161.3%, 261.85%, 224.7%, 135.3%, 120.4% respectively. Except that the nitrate nitrogen in 40-60 cm and 60-80 cm soil layers was not significant, the others were significantly higher than that in grain field soil.

Conclusion Comparison between the cucumber-planted greenhouse and grain-planted soil in central and Southern Hebei Province,the soil salt content increased seriously and pH decreased significantly, and the soil nutrient content was significantly improved, but the proportion of different nutrients was not balanced. In order to provide technical support for high and stable yield and green development of vegetables, it is necessary to increase soil organic matter, to control nutrient input and the proportion of different nutrients, to prevent soil secondary salinization and to alleviate the downward trend of pH, and to improve soil quality.

图 1 种植黄瓜设施土壤EC状况及其样本分布特征

该图数据来源于全部调研表层（0 ~ 20 cm）土壤，即177个设施土壤样品，55个粮田土壤样品。图（a）盒子内的实线和虚线、盒子下边和上边缘线、盒子外的棒分别代表数据的中位数和平均数、25%和75%分位数、5%和 95%分位数；实心黑点代表小于5%和大于95%分位数的数据；小写字母表示处理间差异在P < 0.05 水平显著。下同。

Figure 1. The condition and distribution characteristic of soil electrical conductivity in cucumber-planted greenhouse

图 2 种植黄瓜设施土壤pH及其样本分布特征

Figure 2. The value and distribution characteristic of soil pH in cucumber-planted greenhouse

图 3 种植黄瓜设施土壤有机质含量水平及其样本分布特征

Figure 3. The content and distribution characteristic of soil organic matter in cucumber-planted greenhouse

图 4 种植黄瓜设施土壤硝态氮含量水平及其样本分布特征

Figure 4. The content and distribution characteristic of soil nitrate nitrogen in cucumber-planted greenhouse

图 5 种植黄瓜设施土壤速效磷含量水平及其样本分布特征

Figure 5. The content and distribution characteristic of soil available P in cucumber-planted greenhouse

图 6 种植黄瓜设施土壤速效磷含量水平及其样本分布特征

Figure 6. The content and distribution characteristic of soil available potassium in cucumber-planted greenhouse

图 7 种植黄瓜设施土壤种植粮食土壤0 ~ 100 cm不同土层硝态氮、速效磷含量

该图数据来源于全部调研土壤样品。柱上不同小写字母表示设施土壤与粮田土壤同一土层间差异在P < 0.05水平显著；不同大写字母表示设施土壤不同土层间差异在P < 0.05水平显著。

Figure 7. Contents of nitrate nitrogen and available phosphorus in different soil layers of 0-100 cm in cucumber-planted greenhouse and grain-planted field

表 1 菜田土壤盐分分级标准

Table 1 Classification standard of soil salinization in vegetable field

电导率（μS cm−1）
Eelectrical conductivity< 250250 ~ 600600 ~ 800800 ~ 1000≥ 1000 等级极低盐度低盐度中盐度高盐度超高盐度对作物影响一般作物生长正常对敏感作物有障碍多数作物生长受阻仅耐盐作物能生长仅极耐盐作物能生长　　注：蔬菜正常生长EC临界值为600 μS cm−1

表 2 菜田土壤酸碱性分级标准

Table 2 Classification standard of soil pH in vegetable field

pH< 5.55.5 ~ 6.56.5 ~ 7.57.5 ~ 8.0≥ 8.0 等级强酸性弱酸性中性弱碱性碱性

表 3 菜田土壤养分含量分级标准

Table 3 Classification standard of soil nutrient contents in vegetable field

项目
Item临界值
Critical value极低
Very low低
Low中
Middle较高
Relatively high高
High 有机质 (g kg−1) 20 < 10 10 ~ 20 20 ~ 30 30 ~ 40 ≥ 40 硝态氮 (mg kg−1) 50 < 25 25 ~ 50 50 ~ 100 100 ~ 150 ≥ 150 速效磷 (mg kg−1) 50 < 25 25 ~ 50 50 ~ 100 100 ~ 150 ≥ 150 速效钾 (mg kg−1) 150 < 100 100 ~ 150 150 ~ 200 200 ~ 300 ≥ 300

表 4 不同区域种植黄瓜设施土壤（0 ~ 20 cm）EC、pH和养分含量的均值

Table 4 Regional differences of soil salinity, pH and nutrients in cucumber-planted greenhouse

项目
Item栽培方式
Cultivation method藁城
Gao cheng永清
Yong qing高邑
Gao yi青县
Qing xian馆陶
Guan tao武邑
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