首页 > 分享 > 不同施肥制度对土壤微生物的影响及其与土壤肥力的关系

不同施肥制度对土壤微生物的影响及其与土壤肥力的关系

花匠小妙招
2025-01-12 12:10

摘要： 以国家褐潮土肥力与肥料效益监测基地的长期肥料试验为平台，系统研究了长期不同施肥制度对土壤微生物种群和生理群落的影响及其与土壤肥力的关系。结果表明：（1）长期单施化肥，农田土壤细菌、真菌数量低于长期撂荒土壤，但放线菌数量多于撂荒土壤或与之相当。（2）长期单施化肥与不施肥（CK）比较，土壤放线菌数量增加，细菌和真菌数量略有增加或与之相当。（3）总体看，NPK均衡施肥，土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量比非均衡施肥的N、NP、NK、PK处理略有增加或与之相近。（4）NPK配施有机肥或秸秆，可明显增加土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量，不仅明显高于单施化肥和不施肥农田，而且细菌、放线菌数量也高于撂荒土壤，真菌数量略低于撂荒土壤或与之相当。（5）长期单施化肥农田，土壤固氮菌、氨化细菌、纤维分解菌、反硝化细菌数量低于长期撂荒土壤，但硝化细菌数量比撂荒土壤多。单施化肥，土壤固氮菌、硝化细菌、纤维分解菌数量高于不施肥的CK，而氨化细菌、反硝化细菌数量却低于CK。NPK均衡施肥土壤氨化细菌、硝化细菌、纤维分解菌数量比非均衡施肥的N、NP、NK、PK处理增加，固氮菌数量二者相当，反硝化细菌数量减少。NPK配施有机肥或秸秆，土壤中固氮菌、氨化细菌、反硝化细菌、硝化细菌、纤维分解菌数量大都高于单施化肥处理，尤其明显高于非均衡施用化肥的处理。与撂荒土壤比较，NPK配施有机肥或秸秆，土壤固氮菌、氨化细菌、反硝化细菌、硝化细菌数量增多，但纤维分解菌数量降低。（6）土壤中大多数微生物种类的数量与养分含量、作物产量具有正相关关系。

关键词: 施肥制度, 长期施肥, 土壤微生物, 土壤肥力

Abstract: An experiment was carried out based on long-term fertilizer experiments in fluvo-aquic soil in Changping County, Beijing, China, to study effects of long-term different fertilization systems on soil microbe and its relation to soil fertility. The main results are as follows: (1) The amount of soil bacteria and fungi of the treatments of applying chemical fertilizers only were less than that of long-term fallow soil, but actinomycetes were by contrary. (2) Combined applying chemical fertilizers only had higher amount of actinomycetes and similar amount of bacteria and fungi compared with the soil without fertilizer-applied. (3) Soil of balanced fertilization of N, P, K (NPK treatment), as a whole, had similar amount of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes with N, NP, NK, PK treatments (unbalanced fertilization). (4) Combined application N, P, K chemical fertilizers with manure or crop straw had a significant effect of increasing amount of soil microbe. Treatments of NPK+M, NPK+1.5M and NPK+S not only had more amount of soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes than those of in CK, N, NP, NK, PK, NPK treatments, but also had more amount of bacteria and actinomycetes than and similar amount of fungi with that of in fallow soil. (5) Treatments of long-term applying chemical fertilizers only had less amount of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, ammonifers, cellulose-decomposing and denitrifying bacteria, but higher amount of nitrifying bacteria than that of fallow treatment. Soils of applied with chemical fertilizers only had more numerous amount of nitrogen-fixing, nitrifying and cellulose-decomposing bacteria but less numerous amount of ammonifers and denitrifying bacteria compared with that of in no fertilizer-applied soil. Soil of balanced fertilization of N, P, K (NPK treatment) had more amount of ammonifers, nitrifying and cellulose-decomposing bacteria, similar amount of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and less amount of denitrifying bacteria than that of in soils of unbalanced fertilization treatments (N, NP, NK, PK). Combined use of N, P, K chemical fertilizer with manure or crop straw promoted the increase of the amount of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, ammonifers, denitrifying, nitrifying and cellulose-decomposing bacteria. The amount of these physiological functional microbe in NPK+M, NPK+1.5M and NPK+S treatments were higher than that of in those treatments of only applied with chemical fertilizers. NPK+M, NPK+1.5M and NPK+S even had more amount of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, ammonifers, denitrifying and nitrifying bacteria than that of in fallow soil. (6) There was a positive correlation between the contents of soil nutrient and amount of soil microbe.

Key words: Fertilization systems, Long-term fertilizer experiment, Soil microbe, Soil fertility