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农业昆虫学蔬菜害虫ppt课件

花匠小妙招
2025-01-17 10:22

1、农业农业昆虫学昆虫学 -蔬菜害虫蔬菜害虫第二第二节节农业农业害虫种害虫种类类概述概述中国主要蔬菜种类简介中国主要蔬菜种类简介中国主要蔬菜害虫种类简介中国主要蔬菜害虫种类简介蔬菜地生态系统的特点蔬菜地生态系统的特点蔬菜害虫的发生特点及对防治的要蔬菜害虫的发生特点及对防治的要求求Part 1 中国主要蔬菜种中国主要蔬菜种类类Group 1 Chinese Cabbage GroupFloweringChineseCabbage菜心Pak-choi白菜、油菜ChineseCabbageetc.Family:CruciferaeGenus:Brassica芸薹属Group2ColeCrop-甘蓝类Chinese kale-芥蓝芥蓝Cauliflower-花椰花椰菜菜Broccoli-绿菜花绿菜花Cabbage-甘蓝甘蓝Family: CruciferaeGenus: BrassicaGroup 3 Green VegetablesWater spinach-空心空心菜菜Lettuce-生菜生菜Celery-芹菜芹菜 Family: Convolvulaceae 旋旋花科花科Composita

2、e菊科菊科 Chenopdiaceae藜藜科科Group 4 Gourds葫芦葫芦类类Chieh-qua-节瓜Waxgourdwintermelon)-冬瓜CucumberSpongegourd-丝瓜Pumpkin,etc.Family:Cucumbitaceae-葫芦科Group 5 Vegetable legumes-豆豆类类Asparagus bean Kidney bean-芸豆芸豆 Vegetable pea-豌豌豆豆 Vegetable soybean毛豆毛豆Family: Laguminosae-豆科豆科 Group 6 Solanaceous Fruits-茄茄果果类类TomatoEggplantPepper,etc.Family:SolanaceousGroup 7 Root VegetableRadish-萝卜Carrot-胡萝卜Tablebeet.樱桃萝卜Family:CruciferaeUmbelliferaeGroup 8 Tuber CropsTaro-芋头Yam-山药YambeanGinger-姜Potato,etc.Family:Araceae-天南星科

3、Dioscoreaceae-薯蓣科Zingiberceae姜科Group 9 Bulb CropsOnionChinesechive-韭菜Garlic-大蒜Scallion-葱,etc.Family:LiliaceaeGroup 10 Aquatic VegetablesWatercress西洋芹西洋芹lotus root-莲莲藕藕Chinese arrowhead-慈慈姑姑Water bamboo-茭白茭白, etc.Family: Cruciferae Nymphaeaceae睡睡莲莲科科 Alismatacea-泽泽泻科泻科慈慈姑姑 Gramineae-禾本科禾本科一、中国蔬菜一、中国蔬菜主关主关键键虫虫简简介介十字花科蔬菜害虫十字花科蔬菜害虫鳞翅目鳞翅目小菜蛾、小菜蛾、菜青虫菜青虫斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、蛾、粉纹夜蛾、粉纹夜蛾、菜螟菜螟同翅目同翅目甘蓝蚜、萝卜蚜甘蓝蚜、萝卜蚜桃蚜桃蚜鞘翅目鞘翅目黄条曲跳甲黄条曲跳甲大、小猿叶甲大、小猿叶甲茄、瓜、豆类蔬菜害虫茄、瓜、豆类蔬菜害虫鳞翅目鳞翅目棉铃虫、烟青虫、玉米棉铃虫、烟青虫、玉米穗蛾穗蛾

4、小地老虎、小地老虎、豇豆荚螟、豇豆荚螟、豆野螟豆野螟粉虱类粉虱类烟粉虱烟粉虱A A型、型、B B型型温室白粉虱、温室白粉虱、纹翅粉虱纹翅粉虱螨类螨类朱砂叶螨、截形叶螨、朱砂叶螨、截形叶螨、二斑叶螨、侧多食跗线二斑叶螨、侧多食跗线螨螨其它其它节瓜蓟马、瓜蚜、美洲节瓜蓟马、瓜蚜、美洲斑潜蝇、斑潜蝇、黄守瓜、黑守瓜黄守瓜、黑守瓜害虫种类小菜蛾Plutellaxylostella(L.)Diamondback mothDiamondback moth菜青虫Pierisrapae(L.)CabbageButterfly1. 1. Its Its host host include include Brassica Brassica species. species. Cultivated Cultivated and and wild wild Cruciferae. Cruciferae. It It is is widespread widespread throughout throughout Europe Europe and and much much of of

5、Asia, North Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii, Canada, USA and Mexico. Asia, North Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii, Canada, USA and Mexico. 2. 2. Damage:The Damage:The larvae larvae feed feed singly, singly, usually usually deep deep in in the the cabbage cabbage heart, heart, making making holes holes in in the the leaves, leaves, even even eat eat up up all all leaf leaf blade, blade, only only the the main main veins veins are are left, left, with with frass frass accumulation. ac

6、cumulation. The The caterpillars caterpillars prefer prefer to to feed feed in in the the heart heart of of the the cabbage cabbage and and occasionally occasionally cause cause heavy heavy infestations infestations and and partial partial defoliation. defoliation. In In Guangdong Guangdong Province Province there there may may be 7-8 generations per year. be 7-8 generations per year. 3. Identification3. IdentificationAdult:Adult Adult:Adult is is a a white white butterfly butterfly with with a

7、a wingspan wingspan about about 45-55 45-55 mm mm in in the the female. female. The The wings wings bear bear several several black black markings.markings.Eggs:The Eggs:The bulletin-like bulletin-like eggs eggs are are laid laid singly singly on on low low surface surface of of the the leaves. leaves. There There are are many many vertical vertical ridges ridges on on the the surface surface of egg.of egg.Larva: Larva: Fully-grown Fully-grown larva larva is is about about 30 30 mm mm long, long

8、, velvety velvety green green with with a a faint faint yellow yellow dorsal dorsal strip, strip, and and a a row row of of yellow yellow spots along each side in line with the spiracles.spots along each side in line with the spiracles. Pupa:The pupa is shuttle-like form, sharply angled, attached usually to the underside of the leaf by a loop of silk. Pupa:The pupa is shuttle-like form, sharply angled, attached usually to the underside of the leaf by a loop of silk.Eggs Eggs Larva Larva Adult Ad

9、ult Pupa Pupa 1.It is a totally polyphagous pest and feed on a very wide range of crops including vegetables, cotton, rice, tomato and tobacco. Other host plants include Citrus, cacao, sweet potato, rubber legumes, sorghum, maize etc.2.Distribution:It mainly distributes in South and Eastern Old World tropics, including Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, China, Korea, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, Indonesia, Austral-Asia, Pacific islands, Hawaii and Fiji.3.Damage:This caterpillar is

10、 basically a leaf-eater. Heavy infestations can seriously defoliate the crops, especially the young plants. Newly hatched larvae are gregarious and remain together and skeletonize the leaf on which they feed. Later they disperse and become more solitary and nocturnal in habits. One generation can be completed in as little as 24-30 days, and in the humid tropics there may be 8 generations annually. 4. Identification:Adult : The adults are pale brownish moth, with the yellow-brown forewing having

11、a distinctive pale band medially: wingspan is 30-40 mm.Eggs:Eggs are spherical (0.3 mm) in diameter, and laid on the undersides of leaves in batches of 100-300 and covered with yellow colored hair-scales.Each female lays about 100-2000 eggs, hatching requires 2-6 days.Larvae:The newly hatched larvae are pale green at first, and with a distinct black band on the first abdominal segment. Later they become brown with dark marking, with yellow lateral and dorsal stripes.The lateral yellow strip is b

12、ordered dorsally with a series of semi-lunar marks. Pupa :Pupation takes place in the soil in an earthen cell, just beneath the surface, The pupa is dark red, 15 -20 mm long. 斜纹夜蛾斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura (F.)Common LeafwormAdultEggsLarvae1.It attacks more than 170 different species of host plants including cabbage, radish, lettuce, eggplant, pepper, tomatoes, potatoes, beans gourds, rice, cotton, sugar beet, tobacco, etc.2.Distribution:Africa, Southeast Asia, Central and South Europe, Middle East,

13、Australia, Southern USA, India, Southern China, Philippines, Indonesia, and Canada.3.Damage:Young larvae eat foliage within webs underside of the leaves. The caterpillars are gregarious, moving in swarms, and destroying the young leaves and stems of the host plants. Young seedlings can be completely destroyed, but older plants often recover after an attack and may be still vigorously. Young larvae skeletonize the underside of the leaves, but later as they grow they eat the entire lamina. In Sout

14、h China there are usually eight generations. 4. Identification:Adult:The adult is a small brown moth of wingspan up to 25 mm, and the fore wing is grayish-brown with two yellow spots near the center. The hind wing is a translucent white with narrow brown borders, There are rather nondescript in appearance and not easy to recognize. Eggs:Eggs are laid on the leaves of the host plants, in clusters, several layers thick, and covered with hairs from the female abdomen. Each cluster contains 50-300 e

15、ggs, one female can lay 300-900 eggs (up to 1700). Eggs usually hatch after 2-4 days.Larvae: The larvae are very gregarious, at first green, later becoming variable green or brown usually with a lateral strip. Young larvae skeletonize the underside of the leaves, but as they grow they eat the entire lamina.Pupa:Pupation takes place in the soil and lasts about 6 days.甜菜夜蛾甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua Beet ArmywormAdultEggsLarvae粉纹夜蛾粉纹夜蛾Trichoplusia niCabbage looperEggsLarvae蔬菜蚜虫蔬菜蚜虫Vegetable aphids1 1 萝萝

16、萝萝卜蚜卜蚜卜蚜卜蚜 Lipaphis erysimi Lipaphis erysimi Turnip AphidTurnip Aphid2 2 桃蚜桃蚜桃蚜桃蚜 Myzus pericae Myzus pericaeGreen Peach AphidGreen Peach Aphid3 3 甘甘甘甘蓝蓝蓝蓝蚜蚜蚜蚜 Brevicoryne brassicae Brevicoryne brassicae Cabbage Aphid Cabbage Aphid1. Cabbage aphid and turnip aphid mainly feed on cruciferae. Cabbage aphid prefers cabbage and other Brassica spp but turnip aphid likes Chinese cabbage and radish better. Green peach aphid is truly a polyphagous species; about 875 plants in 35 different families are r

17、ecorded as its hosts. The main host is peach, the alternative hosts include potato, tomato, tobacco, beet, cereals and vegetables. All three species of aphids occur commonly and mixed on cruciferous vegetables in China. 2.DistributionCabbage aphid: The aphid distributes throughout the world in temperate and subtropical climates. In China it occurs nearly all parts of the country besides Tibet . Turnip aphid: Mostly in temperate and subtropics regions. In China it is dominate species in Xinjiang

18、autonomic distract.Green aphid: A completely cosmopolitan species with a worldwide distribution.All species of the aphids occur year around in South China. No eggs are found in the host plants during the winter. All stages of the pests can be found on the vegetable crops in winter season. They reproduce by parthenogenesis. The population increases very rapidly under favorite conditions.3.Damage: Cabbage aphid: The aphid attacks many crucifers, especially cabbage, cauliflower. It is known to tran

19、smit a number of virus diseases in the host plants. Nymphs and adults suck plant sap, causing distortion, stunting. curling, wilting and often lead to death of these host plants when severely attack happened. 4. IdentificationTurnip Aphid: Turnip aphid is similar to the cabbage aphid in appearance, but has a more distinct green to yellow-green color with less noticeable powdery wax on the body, and it lacks the dark transverse marks on abdomen.Green Peach Aphid: Green peach aphid is rather slend

20、er in form, light green or yellow, with indefinitely darker stripes on the abdomen.Cabbage Aphid: Cabbage aphid is grayish-green in color and the body is covered with a fine powdery wax, which gives heavily infested plants a whitish appearance.Turnip AphidGreen Peach AphidCabbage Aphid黄曲条跳甲黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolataStrippedFleaBeetles1.Host:The two species are common pests on vegetable crops, especially on Brassicous. In South China, these pests mainly attack radish and cabbages. 2.Damage:Both t

21、he larvae and the adults feed on the foliage of the host plants. When heavily damage almost the whole foliage is eaten and just the veins are left.3.Life history:In South China, Colaphellus bowringi can complete 5-6 generations per year, while Phaedon brassicae occurs 5 generations. Usually the two species are mixed occurrence in a same vegetable plantation. Adult female of Colaphellus bowringi lay eggs in cluster with several to 20 individuals, but eggs of Phaedon brassicae are laid separately

22、on the surface of the host plants. Both the larvae of the two species undergo 4 instars.4.IdentificationColaphellus bowringi (Cabbage leaf beetle)(1)AdultShape: Elliptical Size: 4.7 mm longColor: Blue to blackPunctures on the elytra: Irregulars arrangementScutum: Triangular(2)LarvaSize: 7.5 mm longColor: head is black, thorax and abdomen are grayish yellowSpots: A pair of dark lateral-spots on each segment of thorax and abdomenSize: 6.0 mm long Phaedon brassicae(Daikon leaf beetle) (1)AdultShape

23、: Oval Size: 3.5 mm longColor: Blue to greenPunctures on the elytra: Arrange in vertical lines. Scutum: Oval(2)LarvaSize: 6.0 mm long Color: head is black, thorax and abdomen are grayish yellow Spots: Four pair of dark lateral-spots on each segment beside the prothorax and the last segment of abdomen小猿叶甲小猿叶甲Phaedon brassicae Daikon Leaf BeetleAdultDamageAdultLarvae大猿叶甲大猿叶甲Colaphellus bowringiCabbage Leaf Beetle烟粉虱烟粉虱A型型 Bemisia tabaciSweetpotato WhiteflyAdultNymphNymphPupaEggsTobacco WhiteflyAdu

24、ltNymphPupa烟粉虱烟粉虱B型型银银叶粉虱叶粉虱 Bemisia tobacciSilverleaf whiteflyGreenhouse WhiteflyAdultNymphPupa温室白粉虱温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)Bandedwinged Bandedwinged WhiteflyWhitefly纹纹翅粉虱翅粉虱Trialeurodes abutilonea (Haldeman)朱砂叶螨朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnarinusCarmine Spider Mite1.Host:It damages a very wide range of wild and cultivated plants including eggplant and gourds. Cotton is its main host plant 2.Distribution:Africa, Middle East, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Australia, USA, J

25、apan, China, Central and South America.3.Damage:It causes clusters of yellow spots on the upper side of the leaf especially between the main veins near the leaf stalk. Later the affected areas spread, the leaf reddens and finally withers and is shed. Red or greenish mites just visible to the unaided eye can be seen on the underside of the leaf. About 15-18 generations occur per year in South China.4.IdentificationAdult: The adult females are oval, red or greenish, and 0.4-0.5 mm long. The males

26、are slightly smaller. Fine strands of silk are spun by the adults and form an open web above the leaf surface. Egg: The eggs are spherical, whitish, about 0.1 mm on diameter. They are laid singly on the underside of leaves Larva: The larva is six-legged, pinkish, and slightly larger than the egg. They are four pairs of legs and are greenish or reddish. DamageEggsMale Adult Female AdultMale Adult Female Adult二斑叶螨二斑叶螨 Tetranychus urticae Koch Twospotted spider mites 1.Hosts:Tomato, potato, beans,

27、peppers, tea, cotton and many other plants.1.Hosts:Tomato, potato, beans, peppers, tea, cotton and many other plants.2.Distribution:It 2.Distribution:It is is virtually virtually cosmopolitan cosmopolitan species, species, but but records records are are sparse sparse in in some some areas. areas. Recorded Recorded from from Europe, Europe, Africa Africa , , Asia, Asia, Australia, Australia, USA, USA, and and South America .South America .3.Damage:The 3.Damage:The blades blades of of flush flush

28、 leaves leaves are are cupped cupped or or otherwise otherwise distorted, distorted, with with corky corky brown brown areas areas between between the the main main veins veins on on the the underside underside of of the the leaf. leaf. These These corky corky areas areas are are often often bounded bounded by by two two distinct distinct brown brown lines lines parallel to the main vein, the edges of the leaf being undamaged.parallel to the main vein, the edges of the leaf being undamaged.4.Ide

29、ntification4.IdentificationAdult: Adult: Females Females are are elliptical-shaped, elliptical-shaped, white white to to yellow, yellow, and and about about 0.2 0.2 mm mm in in length, length, four four pairs pairs of of legs. legs. Males Males are are slightly slightly diamond-shaped, diamond-shaped, yellow, yellow, four pairs of legs, the fourth pair of legs are bigger than others. four pairs of legs, the fourth pair of legs are bigger than others. Egg: Egg: Eggs Eggs are are laid laid singly

30、singly on on the the undersides undersides of of flush flush leaves. leaves. They They are are oval oval in in outline but flattened on the lower side. outline but flattened on the lower side. Larva: The larva are minute, white, and pear-shaped. Larva: The larva are minute, white, and pear-shaped. 侧多食跗线螨侧多食跗线螨Polyphagotarsonemus latus Yellow Tea Mite Damage egg plantDamage tomatoDamage green pepper1.It is a common species of pests on vegetables, and sometimes a dominant one on cotton, tobacco, t

31、omato, bean, maize and sorghum as well. This species is a sporadically very serious pest in many parts of the world. It is completely polyphagous , and very widespread.2.Distribution:It distributes tropics, subtropics, and warmer temperate regions of the Old World, extending as far north as Germany and Japan.3.Damage:Clean circular holes are bored in flower buds and balls of all sizes. The bracteoles of buds open out causing the condition known as flared squares; these square then die and are sh

32、ed. The caterpillar also feeds directly on foliage of vegetable crops.4.Life history:Egg-laying starts about 4 days after emergence and may continue for a further 10 days. Each female may lay 1,000 or more eggs. Eggs are laid singly, stuck on to the host plant; hatching takes place after 2-4 days. Young caterpillars feed on small pods. Older caterpillars feed on small squares and terminal buds, and bean flowers and small bolls. They also burrow into large pods and eat the developing seeds. The c

33、aterpillars often feed with their head inside the boll or bean, but with the posterior part of the body outside. The full-grown larva burrows into the soil and pupates there. The shiny brown pupa is about 16 mm long; the pupal period usually lasts 10-14 days. In the tropics there are usually 5-6 generations annually.5. IdentificationAdult: The adult is a stout-bodied, brown moth, of wingspan 40-44 mm; the hindwing is pale but with a broad dark border. Egg: The eggs are spherical, about 0.5 mm in

34、 diameter, yellow when laid but turning brown as the embryo develops. Eggs are laid singly, stuck on to the host plant.Larva: The larva is a stout caterpillar of variable color but often greenish or brownish. The body is marked with longitudinal bands alternatively dark and pale; the pale bands down the sides of the body are particularly noticeable. The full-grown larva is about 40 mm long. Pupa: The full-grown larva burrows into the soil and pupates there. The shiny brown pupa is about 16 mm lo

35、ng. 棉铃虫棉铃虫Heliothis armigera Cotton bollwormAdultLarvaDamageDamage烟青虫烟青虫Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) Tbacco budworm玉米穗蛾美国棉铃玉米穗蛾美国棉铃虫虫Helicoverpa zea Corn earwormLarvaDamage1.This is a cosmopolitan pest of sporadic importance on many crops in different parts of the world. It can cause severe damage in many crops.2.Hosts:A polyphagous cutworm attacking the seedlings of most crops, in particular on cotton, rice, potato, tomato, tobacco, cereals, and crucifers.3.Distribution:Almost completely cos

36、mopolitan, from northern Europe, Canada, Japan, down to New Zealand, South Africa, and South America. It has not been recorded to date from a few areas in the tropics. 4.Damage:The young larvae feed on the leaves of the host plants; the older caterpillars feed at the base of crop plants or on the roots or stems underground. Seedlings are typically cut through at the ground level; one caterpillar may destroy a number of seedlings in this manner in a single night, often working along the plant row

37、s.5. Life cycle:The life cycle from egg to adult takes 32 days at 30, 41 days at 26, and 67 days at 20 , respectively.6.IdentificationAdult: The adults are large, dark noctuids with wingspan of 40-50 mm, with a gray body; and gray forewings are almost white basely but with a dark terminal fringe, paler in the males. Egg: The eggs are white, globular, and ribbed, 0.5 mm in diameter. Larva: The larvae are brownish above with a broad pale gray band alone the mid-line, and with gray-green sides with

38、 lateral blackish stripes. The head capsule is brownish-black with two white spots. The general appearance of the caterpillar is blackish, hence the common name of black cutworm. The mature caterpillar is 25-35 mm long. Pupa: The pupa is dark brown, 20 mm long, with a posterior spine. LarvaAdult Seeding is cut through at the ground level. Damage小地老虎小地老虎Agrotis ipsilonBlack Cutworm1.Distribution:It is almost cosmopolitan in distribution.It is an new imported pest. And has been found in several pr

39、ovinces in South China: Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi and Fujian. It has caused very serious damage in vegetable production in recent years in China.2.Host:The host plants are included over 100 species of plants, with a preference for beans, cucumbers and tomatoes.3:Damage:This pest is a polyphagous. It damages the host plants by adult feeding punctures, oviposition punctures and larval mines. The larvae feed within the leaf, making a long serpentine tunnel which is usually white with dampened blac

40、k and dried brown, and irregular shapes, increasing in width as larval development. If many leaves are mined the yield may be reduced; In Brassica the damage affects saleability. Heavily infested leaves shrivel and wither. 4.Life history In South China the life history of this pest occurs throughout the year. It completes the life cycle in 13-17 days in summer and in 50-60 days in winter. There may be 14-16 generations takes place per year.5.Identification Egg: Egg is 0.2-0.3 mm in length, with

41、slightly translucent Larva: Larva is headless maggot, about 3 mm in length when full grown. 1stinstar larva colorless, but pale yellow-orange on hatching. Later instars yellow-orange. Larvae with a pair of posterior spiracles shaped like a triple cone. Each posterior spiracle opens by three pores, one pore located toward the apex of each cone. Pupa: Pupa oval, slightly flattened ventrally, pale yellow-orange but often darkening to golden brown. 幼虫潜入叶肉中，幼虫潜入叶肉中，幼虫潜入叶肉中，幼虫潜入叶肉中，留下弯曲的蛀道留下弯曲的蛀道留下弯曲的

42、蛀道留下弯曲的蛀道美洲斑潜蝇美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativaeAmerican Leaf Miner节节瓜瓜蓟马蓟马Thrips palmiPalm Thrips1.Distribution:SoutheastAsia,Japan,SouthChina.2.Host:ThisinsectisoneofthemostimportantpestsongourdandpotatofamilyinSouthChina.3.Damage:Thelarvaandadultsuckthejuiceoftheplantsontheyoungleaf,bud,andyoungfruit,leadingtowitherordwarfoftheyoungleaf.Thehairsonthesurfaceofthehostplantdarkened,thefruitsdroppedandtheyieldlostobviouswhenseveredamagehappensintheplantations.4.IdentificationAdult:Adultisabout1mminlength,gol

43、den,headslightlysquare.Eyesproject,ocelli3,reddish,rangingintriangle,antenna7segmented,wingsnarrow.Egg:Eggis0.2mminlength,elongated,white-yellowish.Nymph:Nymphyellow-whitish,eyesredin3rdinstar.5.LifeHistory:Thisinsectcanoccurover20generations,withheavilyoverlappingbetweengenerations.ItdevelopsandreproducesalloverthewholeyearintheplantationsinSouthChina.Usuallydamagegourds,beansandeggplantduringtheperiodofMarchtoOctober,andforming3peaksofpopulationdynamicsinlateMaytomid-June,mid-Julytoearly-Augus

44、t,andSeptember,respectively.Inautumnthepopulationissohighthatserverdamageisled.AdultNymphDamage瓜蚜瓜蚜棉蚜棉蚜 Aphis gossypii GloverMelon aphids 1.Host plants:The insect can attacks Pigeon pea, lima bean, green peas, cowpeas, and other Leguminosae.2.Distribution:Almost completely pantropical regions in distribution, extending up into the subtropics and warmer temperate areas, but only a few record from Australia.3.Damage:Early instar larvae feed inside the developing seeds, but later instars feed free

45、ly inside the pods. The immature caterpillar may leave the original pod and penetrate one or more fresh pods before reaching maturity.This is very common pest of pigeon pea and other legume crops in many parts of the world; sometimes recorded as a serious pest.4.IdentificationAdult: The adult moth is brown, with a wingspan of 24-27 mm. There are two white and transparent spots in the middle of the forewing. Egg: The eggs are oval, shiny white, 0.6 mm in length. They are laid singly or in small g

46、roups (up to 6) on immature pods. Larva: The caterpillar is blue with a yellow head, and 12-17 mm long when mature. Caterpillar wriggles very violently if the pod is opened and it is disturbed. Pupa: When the larva is full-grown it leaves the pod, drops into the ground. And about 3 cm below soil level it spins a cocoon and here it turns into a yellowish-brown pupa with 6-10 mm long. 豇豆荚螟豇豆荚螟Maruca testulalis Pea Pod BorerAdultDamageLarva其它食叶甲虫其它食叶甲虫二十八星瓢虫二十八星瓢虫二十八星瓢虫二十八星瓢虫 Henosepilachna Henosep

47、ilachna vigintioctopunctatavigintioctopunctata黑守瓜黑守瓜黑守瓜黑守瓜Aulacophora lewisiiAulacophora lewisii 黄守瓜黄守瓜黄守瓜黄守瓜Aulacophora Aulacophora femoralisfemoralis蔬菜害虫天蔬菜害虫天敌敌种种类类Natural Enemies of Vegetable Insect Pests瓢虫ladybeetlesSeven spots lady beetle七星瓢虫七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctataAdultLarva澳洲瓢虫澳洲瓢虫Rodolia cardinalis Vedalia Beetle异色瓢虫异色瓢虫Leis axyridisMulticolored Asian Lady Beetle虎甲科虎甲科(Cicindelidae)六斑虎甲六斑虎甲Cicindela sexpunctata FabriciusSix-Spotted Green Tiger Beetle步甲科CarabidaeLebiagrandis隐翅虫科Stap

48、hylinidaeAleocharabilineata盲蝽科(Miridae)Deraeocorisnebulosus花蝽科(Anthocoridae)OriustristicolorandO.insidiosusNnnnhhhLlLlll长蝽科(Lygaeidae)普通草蛉普通草蛉 Chrysopa carneaAdult Larva食蚜食蚜蝇蝇Hover Fly螳螂螳螂Mantis蜘蛛Spiders智利小植绥蟎智利小植绥蟎Phytoseiulus persimilis寄生蜂寄生蜂ParasitoidsEgg-parasitoidsLarva-parasitoidsPupa-parasitoidsTrichogrammaApanteles glomeratusPteromulus puparumPteromulus puparum姬蜂科Ichneumonidae岛弯尾姬蜂DiademainsulareKkK茧蜂科茧蜂科(Braconidae)菜粉蝶绒茧蜂菜粉蝶绒茧蜂Apanteles glomeratus跳小蜂科(Encyrtidae)Metaphycusalberti蚜小蜂科Aph

49、idiinae丽蚜小蜂丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa缨小蜂科(Mymaridae)Anaphesflavipes赤眼蜂科赤眼蜂科(Trichogrammatidae)玉米螟赤眼蜂玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae 寄蝇科(Tachinidae) 因感染真菌而死的甜菜因感染真菌而死的甜菜夜蛾幼虫。夜蛾幼虫。The larvae of beet armyworm are dead of a kind of fungus. 因感染真菌而死的小菜因感染真菌而死的小菜蛾幼虫。蛾幼虫。entomopathogenicfungus,Paecilomycesfumosoroseus 因感染真菌而死的烟粉虱因感染真菌而死的烟粉虱. 1、生长周期短、生态不稳定。、生长周期短、生态不稳定。普通十字花科蔬菜生长周期：普通十字花科蔬菜生长周期：30-50天。瓜豆类天。瓜豆类较长，但也不超越较长，但也不超越1个季节。不利于天敌的繁个季节。不利于天敌的繁衍和存活。衍和存活。管理精细，经济价值高。管理精细，经济价值高。2、种类多样，季节性变化大。、种类多样，季节性变化大。蔬菜种类的多样性，使得害虫种类多，组成变蔬菜种类的多样性，使得害虫种类多，组成变化大。化大。十字花科蔬菜的延续种植，为害虫提供了充足十字花科蔬菜的延续种植，为害虫提供了充足的食物来源，使一些害虫呈上升趋势。如小的食物来源，使一些害虫呈上升趋势。如小菜蛾和黄曲条跳甲。菜蛾和黄曲条跳甲。二、蔬菜地生态系统的特点二、蔬菜地生态系统的特点3、复种指数高、复种指数高多食性害虫如美洲斑潜蝇和斜纹夜蛾容易发生，多种害多食性害虫如美洲斑潜蝇和斜纹夜蛾容易发生，多种害虫同时发虫同时发生，呵斥严重为害。生，呵斥严重为害。4、消费者对蔬菜的外观质量要求高，用药频繁。、消费者对蔬菜的外观质量要求高，用药频繁。天敌被大量杀伤，天敌群落单一。天敌被大量杀伤，天敌群落单一。5、许多蔬菜直接食用，有些除洗涤外不再加工。、许多蔬菜直接食用，有些除洗涤外不再加工。在防治上要求高效、低毒。在防治上要求高效、低毒。平常采收频繁，天敌不易建立种群平常采收频繁，天敌不易建立种群。蔬菜地生态系统的特点蔬菜地生态系统的特点三、蔬菜害虫的发生特点三、蔬菜害虫的发生特点多样性严重性可控性对防治的要求对防治的要求

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