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池塘养殖换水目的和水质状态对换水频率的影响

花匠小妙招
2025-02-15 18:11

摘要:

通过在江苏各地2015-2018年7-8月间的调查走访获得57位养殖者关于中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir sinensis）养殖池塘的换水信息，将调查期间养殖者作出换水决策的首要目的分为补偿蒸发（无排水）、防止缺氧、日常管理、病害防控和改善水质5类，占比分别为47%、16%、11%、11%和16%。发现19%的养殖者换水作业（有排水）与水质状态无关。当换水目的是防止缺氧和改善水质时换水频率（FWE）显著高于其他3种情况（P < 0.05），而FWE与增氧机使用强度呈负相关关系（r=-0.177，P < 0.1）。在苏州市和盐城市通过实地监测获得64个常规鱼类养殖池塘111个水质监测数据，结果显示平均ρ（DO）、pH值、ρ（TN）、ρ（NH4+-N）、ρ（TP）、ρ（PO43--P）、CODMn和ρ（叶绿素a）分别为（8.3±2.7）mg·L-1、8.1±0.5、（4.3±2.2）mg·L-1、（1.0±1.0）mg·L-1、（0.56±0.56）mg·L-1、（0.29±0.37）mg·L-1、（12±5）mg·L-1和（133±12）μg·L-1，平均FWE为（0.87±2.10）次·月-1，不同池塘间水质及FWE差异较大。FWE与ρ（DO）、pH值呈显著负相关（P < 0.01），与水温、ρ（NH4+-N）、ρ（TP）和ρ（PO43--P）呈显著正相关（P < 0.01）。上述结果表明换水目的和水质状态都影响FWE，加强人工增氧可降低FWE。

关键词: 换水频率 / 水质 / 池塘养殖 / 中华绒螯蟹 / 鱼

Abstract:

The effect of water exchange purpose and water quality status on frequency of water exchange (FWE) in pond aquaculture was investigated. Through the interview investigation processed in Jiangsu Province between July and August from 2015 to 2018, the information of water exchange came from 57 farmers raising Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) was collected. The five types of primary purpose that drive farmers to make water exchange during that season were:compensating the evaporation (without drainage), avoiding hypoxia, routine farming management, preventing disease and improving water quality, which accounted for 47%, 16%, 11%, 11% and 16%, respectively. Water exchange (with drainage) of 19% of farmer seems unnecessary according to the water quality. It was found that FWE to avoid hypoxia or improve water quality was significantly higher than the other three conditions (P < 0. 05). FWE was negatively correlated with the fequency of artificial aeration (r=-0. 177, P < 0. 1). 111 water quality samples from 64 common fish ponds were obtained through field monitoring in Suzhou and Yancheng City, and the results show that the average ρ (DO), pH, ρ (TN), ρ (NH4+-N), ρ (TP), ρ (PO43--P), CODMn, ρ (chlorophyll a) were (8. 3±2. 7) mg·L-1, 8. 1±0. 5, (4. 3±2. 2) mg·L-1, (1. 0±1. 0) mg·L-1, (0. 56±0. 56) mg·L-1, (0. 29±0. 37) mg·L-1, (12±5) mg·L-1, (133±12) μg·L-1, respectively, and the average FWE was (0. 87±2. 10) times·month-1. The water quality and FWE varied greatly among different ponds. FWE was negatively correlated with ρ (DO) and pH (P < 0. 01), and positively correlated with temperature, ρ (NH4+-N), ρ (TP) and ρ (PO43--P) (P < 0. 01). FWE was influenced by both water exchange purpose and water quality status, which could be reduced by strengthening artificial aeration.

表 1 养蟹池塘换水频率（FWE）与增氧机开机强度分级

Table 1 Classification of the frequency of water exchange (FWE) and artificial aeration

级别换水频率/（d·次-1）增氧机开机强度/〔h·（7d）-1〕 3< 5> 42 26~1428~42 1>15< 28 由于大多池塘每次换水量在15%左右，对于抽取地下水补水的池塘，以估计补水量达原有水量的15%以上计为1次。

表 2 池塘养蟹换水目的分类

Table 2 Classification of water exchange purpose in pond crab aquaculture

编号换水目的主要特征 1补偿蒸发仅补水不排水，包括为了提高水位的注水作业 2防止缺氧防止中华绒螯蟹浮头，即爬到水草上或岸边。包括预防缺氧的换水作业，非实际缺氧 3日常管理水草不出水面，水体溶氧状况良好，水质清澈，仅因养殖者主观认为经常换水有好处而进行的换水作业 4病害防控出现病害后为了改善水质而换水（大多水质很好），包括施用药物后为了减少药物的残留而进行的换水作业 5改善水质由于水色浑浊、水华发生而进行的换水作业，大多由于水草过早衰败所致

表 3 蟹塘换水目的对换水频率（FWE）的影响

Table 3 The effect of water exchange purpose on water exchange frequency

换水首要原因蟹农户数蟹农占比/%每次换水量/%换水频率等级增氧机使用等级补偿蒸发27475~201.3±0.52.1±0.8 防止缺氧91610~302.9±0.31.7±0.9 日常管理61110~301.3±0.52.0±0.9 病害防控61110~301.5±0.82.2±0.8 改善水质91610~302.7±0.52.0±0.9 换水频率等级和增氧机使用等级划分方法见表 1。

表 4 养鱼池塘水质概况

Table 4 Water quality status of investigated fish ponds

水质指标ρ（DO）/（mg·L-1）pH值ρ（TN）/（mg·L-1）ρ（NH4+-N）/（mg·L-1）ρ（TP）/（mg·L-1）ρ（PO43--P）/（mg·L-1）CODMn/（mg·L-1）ρ（Chl-a）/（µg·L-1）换水频率/（次·月-1）最大值15.09.29.64.53.31.726804.015 最小值2.56.50.9< 0.050.07< 0.0541.40 平均值±标准差8.3±2.78.1±0.54.3±2.21.0±1.00.56±0.560.29±0.3712±5133±120.96±2.56

表 5 换水频率（FWE）与水质指标的相关系数

Table 5 Correlation coefficients between the frequency of water exchange and the parameters of water quality

水质指标相关系数rP值 DO浓度−0.547**< 0.001 pH值−0.412**< 0.001 水温0.500**< 0.001 TN浓度0.0410.673 NH4+-N浓度0.248**0.009 TP浓度0.516**< 0.001 PO43--P浓度0.322**0.001 Chl-a浓度−0.0110.908 CODMn0.1110.244 **表示在0.01水平上显著相关。 [1]

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