首页 > 分享 > 不同穗型小麦品种小花发育成粒对氮肥的响应

不同穗型小麦品种小花发育成粒对氮肥的响应

花匠小妙招
2025-03-11 01:14

摘要: 为探索不同穗型小麦品种小花发育成粒对氮肥的响应，本试验以大穗型品种‘周麦16’和多穗型品种‘豫麦49’为供试材料，设置不同施氮水平0 kg（N）·hm-2、180 kg（N）·hm-2和360 kg（N）·hm-2，观察分析了两个穗型小麦品种小花发育动态模式和结实特性。结果显示，随着生长度日（GDD）的增加，不同氮水平下2品种小花发育动态变化趋势相似，小花分化均符合二次曲线方程模式，退化和败育符合一次线性方程，R2均达显著水平。大穗型品种‘周麦16’小花分化总数显著高于多穗型品种‘豫麦49’，在360 kg（N）·hm-2处理差异极显著；大穗型品种‘周麦16’表现出随施氮量增加，小花分化和退化速率提高，有利于可孕小花的形成、增加结实粒数，最终180 kg（N）·hm-2处理结实粒数显著高于其他处理，较360 kg（N）·hm-2处理平均每穗粒数增加2.04粒；多穗型品种‘豫麦49’尽管分化小花总量不高，但小花退化和可孕小花败育速率较低，在180 kg（N）·hm-2施氮水平表现出高的可孕小花数量和结实粒数，但与高施氮处理相比差异不显著。表明就增加穗粒数而言，两品种均以180 kg（N）·hm-2较为适宜，从最终产量及产量构成分析结果来看，‘豫麦49’表现出与穗粒数相同的结果，而‘周麦16’在高施氮条件下可通过增加成穗数和穗粒数提高产量。

关键词: 小麦 / 氮水平 / 穗型 / 小花分化 / 动态模式 / 结实特性

Abstract: Wheat provides 20% of the calorie and protein consumed by humans. Further improvement in wheat yield potential is needed to meet future food demand. As yield is related to the number of grains, an understanding of the generation of grain is critical for increasing yield. Nitrogen is an important nutrient affecting the growth and development of wheat. Wheat yield is calculated as the number of grains per square meter, which in turn is related to the number of fertile florets at anthesis. In this study, the dynamics of floret generation and degeneration were studied in contrasting conditions of 0 kg·hm-2, 180 kg·hm-2 and 360 kg·hm-2 of nitrogen (N). The modern, well-adapted large-spike wheat cultivar 'Zhoumai 16' and multi-spike wheat cultivar 'Yumai 49' were used at the materials. The results indicated that the dynamic characteristics of floret development of two cultivars were similar under different nitrogen applications with increasing degree-days (GDD). The dynamics of floret differentiation conformed to quadratic curve model. Besides, both floret degeneration and infertility conformed to linear equation. Moreover, the correlations were all significant. The large spike-cultivar 'Zhoumai 16' developed more florets than multi-spike cultivar 'Yumai 49', especially under nitrogen level of 180 kg(N)·hm-2. For increased nitrogen application, large spike cultivar wheat 'Zhoumai 16' had more floret differentiation and faster floret differentiation and degeneration rates, which helped increase kernel number. This clearly indicated that the number of florets was not the only factor that determined grain number, hence there was need to place more focus on cultivation regulation at later stages of floret development. However, multi-spike cultivar 'Yumai 49' had more floret differentiation and fertile spikelet under medium nitrogen level[180 kg(N)·hm-2] than under low and high nitrogen levels. Although the total number of floret differentiation of multi-spike cultivar 'Yumai 49' was less than that of large-spike cultivar 'Zhoumai 16', the degeneration and infertility rates were rather low. Compared with multi-spike cultivar wheat, the 1000-kernel weight of large-spike cultivar was highest for three different nitrogen levels. Under the experimental condition, yield of two cultivars of wheat peaked under 180 kg(N)·hm-2. It was concluded that 180 kg(N)·hm-2 increased kernel number of different spike cultivars. However, yield of large-spike cultivar 'Zhoumai 16' improved by increased spike and grain number under high nitrogen rate.

图 1 不同氮水平下不同小麦品种小花分化、退化及败育随播后累积生长度日的变化

V1:周麦16; V2:豫麦49; N1:施氮量0 kg·hm-2; N2:施氮量180 kg·hm-2; N3:施氮量360 kg·hm-2。

Figure 1. The change of differentiation, degeneration and infertility of florets of different wheat cultivars under different nitrogen levels

V1: Zhoumai 16; V2: Yumai 49; N1: nitrogen application rate is 0 kg·hm-2; N2: nitrogen application rate is 180 kg·hm-2; N3: nitrogen application rate is 360 kg·hm-2.

图 2 不同施氮水平不同小麦品种分化小花数、可孕小花数和结实粒数的差异

V1:周麦16; V2:豫麦49; N1:施氮量0 kg·hm-2; N2:施氮量180 kg·hm-2; N3:施氮量360 kg·hm-2。不同小写字母表示同一指标不同处理间差异显著

Figure 2. The difference in total florets, fertile florets and grains of different cultivars of wheat under different nitrogen levels

.V1: Zhoumai 16; V2: Yumai 49; N1: nitrogen application rate is 0 kg·hm-2; N2: nitrogen application rate is 180 kg·hm-2; N3: nitrogen application rate is 360 kg·hm-2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments for the same index.

图 3 不同施氮水平不同小麦品种小花原基分化速率、退化速率和败育速率

V1:周麦16; V2:豫麦49; N1:施氮量0 kg·hm-2; N2:施氮量180 kg·hm-2; N3:施氮量360 kg·hm-2。

Figure 3. The differentiation rate, degeneration rate and infertility rate of floret primordial of different cultivars of wheat under different nitrogen levels

V1: Zhoumai 16; V2: Yumai 49; N1: nitrogen application rate is 0 kg·hm-2; N2: nitrogen application rate is 180 kg·hm-2; N3: nitrogen application rate is 360 kg·hm-2.

图 4 不同施氮水平不同小麦品种小花数结实率、可孕小花结实率和小穗结实率的差异

V1:周麦16; V2:豫麦49; N1:施氮量0 kg·hm-2; N2:施氮量180 kg·hm-2; N3:施氮量360 kg·hm-2。不同小写字母表示同一指标不同处理间差异显著。

Figure 4. The total florets set, fertile florets set and spikelets set of different cultivars of wheat under different nitrogen levels

V1: Zhoumai 16; V2: Yumai 49; N1: nitrogen application rate is 0 kg·hm-2; N2: nitrogen application rate is 180 kg·hm-2; N3: nitrogen application rate is 360 kg·hm-2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments for the same index.

表 1 不同施氮水平小麦品种单位面积小花分化、退化及败育的模式方程

Table 1 The equations of floret differentiation, degeneration and infertility per unit area of different cultivars of wheat under different nitrogen levels

处理
Treatment 小花发育
Floret development 方程
Equation R2 V1N1 分化 Differentiation y=-0.357 4x2+1 191x-844 591 0.931 4** 退化 Degeneration y=-487.61x+768 840 0.920 7** 败育 Infertility y=-45.354x+93 143 0.852 9** V1N2 分化 Differentiation y=-1.488 2x2+4 226.2x-3E+06 0.987 5** 退化 Degeneration y=-650.51x+1E+06 0.998 2** 败育 Infertility y=-34.001x+82 847 0.879 8** V1N3 分化 Differentiation y=-0.247 7x2+1 417.9x-1E+06 0.987 5** 退化 Degeneration y=-974.61x+2E+06 0.977 9** 败育 Infertility y=-82.899x+167 366 0.978 4** V2N1 分化 Differentiation y=-0.791 1x2+2 231.2x-1E+06 0.988 0** 退化 Degeneration y=-450.88x+713 002 0.907 8** 败育 Infertility y=-32.247x+73 949 0.790 6** V2N2 分化 Differentiation y=-1.300 7x2+3 629.2x-2E+06 0.998 9** 退化 Degeneration y=-571.96x+925 383 0.972 7** 败育 Infertility y=-41.966x+97 930 0.764 4** V2N3 分化 Differentiation y=-1.629 5x2+4 343.7x-3E+06 0.989 8** 退化 Degeneration y=-422.02x+700 017 0.952 7** 败育 Infertility y=-72.209x+150 599 0.846 3** x:播后累积生长度日(GDD); y:小花数量。分化起始时间: 1 082.8~1 360.2 ℃·d; 退化起始时间: 1 360.2~1 545.7 ℃·d; 败育起始时间: 1 545.2~1 813.6 ℃·d。V1:周麦16; V2:豫麦49; N1:施氮量0 kg·hm-2; N2:施氮量180 kg·hm-2; N3:施氮量360 kg·hm-2。x: growing degree-day (GDD); y: florets number. Time of differentiation is 1 082.8-1 360.2 ℃·d; time of degeneration is 1 360.2-1 545.7 ℃·d; time of infertility is 1 545.2-1 813.6 ℃·d. V1: Zhoumai 16; V2: Yumai 49; N1: nitrogen application rate is 0 kg·hm-2; N2: nitrogen application rate is 180 kg·hm-2; N3: nitrogen application rate is 360 kg·hm-2.

表 2 施氮水平对小麦产量及其构成的影响

Table 2 Effects of different nitrogen levels on grain yield of different cultivars of wheat

处理
Treatment 穗数
Number of spikes (×103·hm-2) 穗粒数
Kernels per spike 千粒重
1000-kernel weight (g) 产量
Yield (kg·hm-2) V1N1 3 827.60±307.44d 35.7±3.70b 55.48±0.01a 7 477.80±650.54b V1N2 4 837.84±340.41bc 39.78±6.74a 51.45±0.60bc 8 788.14±415.14a V1N3 5 438.26±529.61ab 37.74±1.92b 50.39±0.73c 8 520.03±396.21a V2N1 4 686.86±43.92c 30.23±0.11b 53.15±1.52b 7 686.70±9.43b V2N2 5 997.27±532.84a 32.12±0.81a 46.02±2.25d 8 434.49±166.68a V2N3 5 597.00±411.14a 31.97±0.17a 45.77±1.26d 7 474.56±858.02b V1:周麦16; V2:豫麦49; N1:施氮量0 kg·hm-2; N2:施氮量180 kg·hm-2; N3:施氮量360 kg·hm-2。不同小写字母表示同一指标不同处理间差异显著。V1: Zhoumai 16; V2: Yumai 49; N1: nitrogen application rate is 0 kg·hm-2; N2: nitrogen application rate is 180 kg·hm-2; N3: nitrogen application rate is 360 kg·hm-2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments for the same index. [1] 崔金梅, 郭天财, 朱云集, 等.小麦的穗[M].北京:中国农业出版社, 2008:5

Cui J M, Guo T C, Zhu Y J, et al. Spike of Wheat[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture Press, 2008:5

[2]

Fischer R A. Wheat physiology:A review of recent developments[J]. Crop and Pasture Science, 2011, 62(2):95-114 doi: 10.1071/CP10344

[3]

Ferrante A, Savin R, Slafer G A. Floret development and grain setting differences between modern durum wheat under contrasting nitrogen availability[J]. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2013, 64(1):169-184 doi: 10.1093/jxb/ers320

[4] 崔金梅, 王化岑, 刘万代, 等.冬小麦籽粒形成与幼穗发育的关系研究[J].麦类作物学报, 2007, 27(4):682-686 doi: 10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2007.04.162

Cui J M, Wang H C, Liu W D, et al. Relationship between grain formation and young spike development of winter wheat[J]. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2007, 27(4):682-686 doi: 10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2007.04.162

[5]

González F G, Miralles D J, Slafer G A. Wheat floret survival as related to pre-anthesis spike growth[J]. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2011, 62(14):4889-4901 doi: 10.1093/jxb/err182

[6]

Ghiglione H O, Gonzalez F G, Serrago R, et al. Autophagy regulated by day length determines the number of fertile flo-rets in wheat[J]. The Plant Journal, 2008, 55(6):1010-1024 doi: 10.1111/tpj.2008.55.issue-6

[7]

Reynolds M, Bonnett D, Chapman S C, et al. Raising yield potential of wheat. Ⅰ Overview of a consortium approach and breeding strategies[J]. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2011, 62(2):439-452 doi: 10.1093/jxb/erq311

[8] 李文军, 杨晓云, 颜晓元.施氮和肥料添加剂对太湖地区小麦产量和氮素吸收利用的影响[J].麦类作物学报, 2011, 31(4):702-707 doi: 10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2011.04.021

Li W J, Yang X Y, Yan X Y. Effects of nitrogen and fertilizer additive application on wheat yield and nitrogen accumulation and utilization in Taihu Lake Region[J]. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2011, 31(4):702-707 doi: 10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2011.04.021

[9] 王芳, 赵玉兰, 孔丽红.氮素运筹对小麦产量及产量构成因素的影响[J].山西农业科学, 2010, 38(4):30-32 http://youxian.cnki.com.cn/yxdetail.aspx?filename=XJNX2017101200G&dbname=CAPJ2015

Wang F, Zhao Y L, Kong L H. Effect of nitrogen management to yield and yield component factors in wheat[J]. Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences, 2010, 38(4):30-32 http://youxian.cnki.com.cn/yxdetail.aspx?filename=XJNX2017101200G&dbname=CAPJ2015

[10] 孔令聪, 曹承富, 汪芝寿, 等.砂姜黑土长期施肥对小麦生长的影响研究[J].中国生态农业学报, 2003, 11(3):76-78 http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn/zgstny/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=2003324&flag=1

Kong L C, Cao C F, Wang Z S, et al. Effects of long-term lo-cated fertilization on wheat growth in shajiang black soil[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2003, 11(3):76-78 http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn/zgstny/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=2003324&flag=1

[11] 王祎, 李青松, 王宜伦, 等.施氮量对小麦穗花发育及穗粒数的影响[J].麦类作物学报, 2014, 34(5):668-673 doi: 10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2014.05.015

Wang Y, Li Q S, Wang Y L, et al. Effect of amount nitrogen applied on young spike development and kernel number of winter wheat[J]. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2014, 34(5):668-673 doi: 10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2014.05.015

[12] 王彦丽, 邱喜阳, 朱云集, 等.施氮量和施氮时期对冬小麦幼穗小花发育及产量的影响[J].西北农业学报, 2011, 20(7):82-87 http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XBNX201107019.htm

Wang Y L, Qiu X Y, Zhu Y J, et al. Effection of rate and period of nitrogen application on the floret development and grain yield of winter wheat[J]. Acta Agriculturae Bore-ali-Occidentalis Sinica, 2011, 20(7):82-87 http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XBNX201107019.htm

[13] 王兆龙, 曹卫星, 戴廷波, 等.不同穗型小麦品种小花发育与结实特性研究[J].南京农业大学学报, 2000, 23(4):9-12 http://youxian.cnki.com.cn/yxdetail.aspx?filename=ZGTN20170726000&dbname=CAPJ2015

Wang Z L, Cao W X, Dai T B, et al. Characteristics of floret development and grain set in three wheat genotypes of different spike sizes[J]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2000, 23(4):9-12 http://youxian.cnki.com.cn/yxdetail.aspx?filename=ZGTN20170726000&dbname=CAPJ2015

[14] 朱云集, 郭天财, 谢迎新, 等.施用不同种类硫肥对豫麦49产量和品质的影响[J].作物学报, 2006, 32(2):293-297 http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XBZW200602023.htm

Zhu Y J, Guo T C, Xie Y X, et al. Effects of different sulphur fertilizers on yield and quality of winter wheat (Triticum aes-tivum L.) cultivar Yumai 49[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2006, 32(2):293-297 http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XBZW200602023.htm

[15] 朱云集, 崔金梅, 郭天财, 等.河南省小麦生产发展中几个关键技术问题的商榷[J].河南农业科学, 2011, 40(8):54-57 http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HNNY201108017.htm

Zhu Y J, Cui J M, Guo T C, et al. Discussion of key technique problems in development of wheat production in Henan Province[J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2011, 40(8):54-57 http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HNNY201108017.htm

[16]

Miralles D J, Katz S D, Colloca A, et al. Floret development in near isogenic wheat lines differing in plant height[J]. Field Crops Research, 1998, 59(1):21-30 doi: 10.1016/S0378-4290(98)00103-8

[17]

González F G, Slafer G A, Miralles D J. Floret development and survival in wheat plants exposed to contrasting photo-period and radiation environments during stem elongation[J]. Functional Plant Biology, 2005, 32(3):189-197 doi: 10.1071/FP04104

[18]

Chen Y, Yuan L P, Wang X H, et al. Relationship between grain yield and leaf photosynthetic rate in super hybrid rice[J]. Journal of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, 2007, 33(3):235-243 http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-ZWSI200703010.htm

[19] 李存东, 曹卫星, 戴廷波, 等.小麦小花原基分化和退化的动态模式与特征[J].中国农业科学, 1999, 32(5):98-100 http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZNYK199905015.htm

Li C D, Cao W X, Dai T B, et al. Study on dynamic models and characteristics of floret primordium differentiation and degeneration in wheat[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 1999, 32(5):98-100 http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZNYK199905015.htm

[20] 郝代成, 高国华, 朱云集, 等.施氮量对超高产冬小麦花后光合特性及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报, 2010, 30(2):346-352 doi: 10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2010.02.029

Hao D C, Gao G H, Zhu Y J, et al. Effects of nitrogen appli-cation rate on photosynthesis characteristics after anthesis and high grain yield of winter wheat[J]. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2010, 30(2):346-352 doi: 10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2010.02.029

[21] 李欢欢, 黄玉芳, 王玲敏, 等.河南省小麦生产与肥料施用状况[J].作物学通报, 2009, 25(18):426-430 http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZNTB200918098.htm

Li H H, Huang Y F, Wang L M, et al. Wheat production and fertilizers application in Henan Province[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2009, 25(18):426-430 http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZNTB200918098.htm

[22] 武金果.河南省小麦施肥技术参数研究[J].中国农技推广, 2013, 29(12):35-37 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-381X.2013.12.021

Wu J G. Study on the technical parameter of wheat fertilization in Henan Province[J]. China Agricultural Technology Extension, 2013, 29(12):35-37 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-381X.2013.12.021

[23]

Sinclair T R, Jamieson P D. Grain number, wheat yield, and bottling beer:An analysis[J]. Field Crops Research, 2008, 98(1):60-67 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378429005002807