中国野生兰科植物资源与保护利用现状*
兰科(Orchidaceae Juss.)植物是被子植物中高度进化的类群,也是被子植物最大科之一,世界范围内已知有兰科植物约880属28 000余种,分属5个亚科,物种数占被子植物总种数的1/10左右[1⇓-3]。兰科植物是一个世界性的类群,在除极地和极度干燥的沙漠外所有陆地生态系统中均有分布,以热带、亚热带区域为多,近75%的兰科植物为附生植物[2]。由于兰科植物对菌根真菌和传粉昆虫的依赖[4-5],以及自身较慢的营养繁殖速度,大多数兰科植物呈狭域分布,生境特殊,且极易受到外来因素干扰[6]。而同时,许多兰科植物以其较高的观赏、药用、食用价值以及深厚的文化内涵在世界范围内广受青睐[7],野生资源持续遭受人为采挖和非法交易,使得种群数量大受影响[8]。作为被子植物中所受威胁最严重的类群之一,所有野生兰科植物均位列《濒危物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)附录,占该公约中保护植物的70%以上,是最受关注的重点保护类群(图1)[9-10]。
Fig.1 Taxonomic breakdown of CITES Appendices I and II
Adapted from Hinsley et al. [10] using data from UNEP-WCMC [11]
Full size|PPT slide
中国是野生兰科植物资源最为丰富的国家之一,拥有近2 000种兰科植物,涵盖从原始类群到特化类群的一系列进化群和复杂多样的地理分布类型[12]。中国也是最早使用兰花并有相关记录的国家,作于1 500多年前的《神农本草经》已有关于白及、石斛、天麻等兰科植物药用的记录[13];南宋时期的《金漳兰谱》记载了36种兰花及其形态特征和栽培养护方法,成为中国古代第一本专业兰谱[14]。同样,国人对兰花的喜爱致使国内针对野生兰科植物的非法采集严重、交易猖獗,加之兰花本身对生境要求苛刻,天然繁衍困难,导致其野生资源锐减[15]。
近年来,针对我国兰科资源的研究较多,如对个别省[16⇓⇓⇓-20]、市[21⇓-23]或保护地[24⇓⇓-27]的资源量及分布情况调查,线上、线下兰科贸易的研究[28⇓⇓-31],以及对兰科濒危和保护问题的探讨[32⇓⇓-35],但尚缺乏对我国兰科资源现状全面、系统的综述[36-37]。因此,有必要对中国野生兰科植物的物种资源、多元价值、致危因素,以及濒危、保护现状进行全面回顾,并对未来兰科植物资源的可持续利用进行展望。2021年,纳入了349种兰科植物的新版《国家重点保护野生植物名录》发布,打开了我国兰科植物保护新局面[38]。而加强对我国源远流长的兰文化和散落民间的相关传统知识的归纳整理和科学普及,重视兰科生物文化多样性的保护工作,并根据传统知识线索,探索兰花新品种、药食新资源,不仅可能成为兰科资源保护和利用的新思路和新动力,也将有助于我国生态文明建设和经济社会可持续发展。
1 中国兰科植物资源现状
1.1 物种资源多样性
中国独特的地理位置和复杂的自然环境孕育了丰富的生物多样性,也为野生兰科植物提供了适宜的生境[12]。根据Species 2000 China Node(http://www.sp2000.org.cn/)的中国生物物种名录(2022版),现我国已知有198属1 725种兰科植物(含13个杂交种)[39],分属兰科全部5个亚科。中国野生兰科植物种、属多样性非常高,统计包含种数≥10的属共有42个,包含1 328种兰科植物,占兰科总种数的77%,是中国野生兰科植物的主要组成部分;其中,含10~50种的属35个,共779种,占兰科总种数的45%;≥50种的属7个,分别为石豆兰属(Bulbophyllum Thouars,135)、石斛属(Dendrobium Sw.,98)、羊耳蒜属(Liparis Rich.,66)、舌唇兰属(Platanthera Rich.,65)、虾脊兰属(Calanthe R. Br.,65)、玉凤花属(Habenaria Willd.,62)和兰属(Cymbidium Sw.,58),共549种,占兰科总种数的32%。单种属、寡种属较多,单种属65个,占兰科总种数的4%,如竹叶兰属(Arundina Blume)、滇兰属(Hancockia Rolfe)、红门兰属(Orchis L.)、蜘蛛兰属(Arachnis Blume)等;寡种属(含2~4种)63个,共171种,占总种数的10%,如苞舌兰属(Spathoglottis Blume)、拟兰属(Apostasia Blume)、火焰兰属(Renanthera Lour.)、美柱兰属(Callostylis Blume)等。
根据Species 2000 China Node的中国生物物种名录(2022版)中的物种分布地信息,结合各方学者通过兰科资源相关课题调查收集的一手数据,并参考馆藏标本、已出版专著与近年来发表的兰科植物新纪录等相关资料整理得到的各地野生兰科植物资源情况,综合得到我国各省(自治区、直辖市)及两个特别行政区的兰科植物资源情况[40⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-56](图2)。中国野生兰科植物物种资源的地理分布广泛,在全部34个省、自治区、直辖市及特别行政区均有分布。其中以云南兰科物种资源最为丰富,达161属952种,远超其他地区;其次为广西、台湾、海南、贵州、西藏和四川等地,其兰科植物种数均在300种以上;广东、湖南、江西、福建等地拥有150余种兰科植物,资源也较为丰富。可见,我国兰科植物资源主要集中分布于南方,以西南地区最为丰富。
1.2 资源价值多元性
1.2.1 观赏价值
在植物为人类提供的所有服务中,“观赏”是最为常见的服务类型[57]。我国丰富的野生兰科植物中约有1/4可供观赏[58],如兰属(Cymbidium SW.)、蝴蝶兰属(Phalaenopsis Bl.)、兜兰属(Paphiopedilum Pfitz.)、万代兰(Vanda Jones ex R. Br.)等兰科植物是世界花卉名品[59]。兰科植物的观赏价值主要体现在色彩、姿态、神韵、香味等方面,如蝴蝶兰(Phalaenopsis spp.)等色彩绚丽,神采飘逸;国兰等清淡素雅,姿态秀美,芳香馥郁。
兰花的赏心悦目能给人们带来最直接的美的享受,故兰花被广泛应用于园林、庭院的美化、造景中,作为盆栽或插花用于室内观赏、装饰,以头花、胸花等形式作为人体点缀也比较常见[60-61]。近年来,研究人员运用灰色关联分析[62]、层次分析法(AHP)[63⇓⇓-66]、主成分分析法(PCA)[67]等科学方法对多种兰科野生资源或栽培品种的观赏价值进行综合评价,筛选出多种观赏性高、更值得引种栽培或市场推广的兰花种类,为兰科资源观赏价值的扩展应用奠定了基础。
1.2.2 药用价值
中国有近12 000种药用植物,其中药用兰科植物约78属298种,是我国药用植物资源的重要组成部分,多具有清热解毒、活血调经、润肺化痰、生津止渴、止血、敛疮的功效[68]。我国对兰科植物的药用及相关记载可追溯至1 500多年前的《神农本草经》,其中有关于白及、石斛、天麻等兰科植物药用的记录;历年版《中华人民共和国药典》都有收录以兰科植物为基原的中药,2020年版收录了石斛[金钗石斛(Dendrobium nobile Lindl.)、霍山石斛(Dendrobium huoshanense C. Z. Tang et S. J. Cheng)、鼓槌石斛(Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl.)、流苏石斛(Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook.)、同属植物近似种(Dendrobium spp.)]、铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo,该种学名已订正为Dendrobium catenatum Lindl. [69⇓⇓-72])、白及[Bletilla striata (Thunb. ex A. Murray) Reichb. f.]、天麻(Gastrodiaelata Bl.)和山慈菇[杜鹃兰Cremastra appendiculata (D. Don) Makino、独蒜兰Pleione bulbocodioides (Franch.) Rolfe、云南独蒜兰Pleione yunnanensis Rolfe)][69],多地的中药饮片炮制规范中也有收载。此外,《普济方》《备急千金要方》等古籍中还有关于石斛护肤功效的记载[70];我国多个少数民族如瑶族[73]、景颇族[74]、彝族[75]、独龙族[76]、藏族[35]、黎族[77]、侗族[78]、仡佬族[79]等都有兰科植物药用的习惯。
兰科植物化学成分丰富,目前国内已经有20余属兰科植物化学成分研究的报道,已发现糖类、黄酮类、生物碱类、茋类、萜类、苯酚类和甾醇等化合物,具有抗菌、抗癌、抗炎、抗病毒等功能[80⇓-82]。如见血青[Liparis nervosa (Thunb.) Lindl.]中富含生物碱类、黄酮类、菲类、酚酸类、香豆素类、萜类及甾醇类等多种成分,具有凝血、抗炎、抑菌、抗氧化、降血脂等药理活性[83];手参[Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br.]含有菲类、糖苷类、苯丙素类、异戊二烯类、脂肪酸衍生物以及多糖、芳香类成分等,具有改善记忆力、保护神经、抗氧化和免疫调节等药理作用[84];绶草[Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames]含大量黄酮类、二氢菲类、苯丙素类、甾醇类等化合物,具有抗血糖血脂、抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤和抗菌等多种作用[85]。
1.2.3 食用价值
世界很多地方都有食用兰科植物的习惯,其常作为零食或配菜等补充性食物[7]。在土耳其,兰茎粉“salep”提取自地生兰根茎,用于制作传统热饮和冰淇淋;在津巴布韦流行的名为“chikanda”的蛋糕,由当地人采集野生地生兰块茎制作而来[2]。我国也有悠久的食兰历史。清代饮食著作《养小录》中记载兰花“可羹可肴,但难多得耳”,可见兰花可炒菜也可做汤,但食材稀少[86];国画大师张大千自创的花馔“兰花鹅肝羹”鲜香味美,有补血养肝、明目美容之效[87];有“神仙草”美名的霍山石斛(D. huoshanense)可与柠檬、蜂蜜制成石斛花茶,也可与豆腐、虫草花、山药、枸杞等搭配做汤羹[88]。
云南、湖南的一些少数民族地区有食兰的习惯,兰科植物也常是当地重要的药食同源植物,如高黎贡山的独龙族人采集白及(B. striata)的假鳞茎炖肉[89];沧源的佤族人用耳唇兰(Otochilus porrectus Lindl.)的假鳞茎蘸盐和辣椒生吃[90];白及(B. striata)和小白及[Bletilla formosana (Hayata) Schltr.]是德宏州景颇族人民喜爱的药食两用植物[74];囊唇山兰[Oreorchis foliosa var. indica (Lindl.) N. Pearce et Cribb]在滇西北藏区是一种重要的药食同源植物[91];湖南江华的瑶族用重唇石斛(Dendrobium hercoglossum Rchb. F.)煎鸡蛋[73]等。
1.2.4 文化价值
作为我国传统名花之一,兰花有着悠久的栽培历史和丰厚的文化内涵。相传在4 000年前,汉水之滨常闹洪灾,为抵御洪灾,当地人们在河畔筑了三座防水高台。一次舜帝南巡就驻于此地台中,并在此种下惠兰。先秦时期的古籍中有关兰花的记载主要集中在典故、诗歌和名人身上,如燕姞梦兰、孔子赞兰、勾践种兰、屈原咏兰等;“蘭”的异体字“蕑”最早出现于两千多年前的《诗经》中:“溱与洧,方涣涣兮,士与女,方秉蕑兮。”到了魏晋南北朝,高洁优雅的兰花正好与魏晋风骨相吻合而广受文人士大夫的喜爱与尊敬。兰花栽培在魏时已极为普遍,唐代盛行,宋代益盛,且宋时艺兰学说渐多;明代兰花栽培进入昌盛时期,江南一带的兰蕙品种不断增多,栽培经验日益丰富;清代是我国兰花栽培最昌盛时期;民国时期,艺兰活动在江南民间广泛流传,大量的兰花品种被发现。进入20世纪,优质的兰花著作广泛涌现,而改革开放以来,出版的各类兰花书籍数量之多,新开发的兰花品种范围之广,兰花爱好者队伍之庞大,兰花交易之活跃,都超过了历朝历代[92]。
兰文化是指人们基于对兰科植物各种生物学特性和生态习性的认识,将兰花的自然属性与人的品格、情操进行类比、关联,进而形成的一种社会普遍认同的观念,有很强的民族性和地域性。兰文化根植于兰花的观赏价值。兰花因秀美典雅,在我国自古以来就是高雅和君子的象征。所谓“竹有节而啬花,梅有花而啬叶,松有叶而啬香,唯兰独并有之”,兰花并占竹、梅和松的精神与气节,成为诸“君子花”中最为典型的代表,形成了一种独特的兰文化现象[93]。兰花的文化内涵与我国传统哲学文化紧密相融,儒家、道家借兰花幽贞之品性,分别有“芝兰生于幽谷,不以无人而不芳,君子修道立德,不为穷困而改节”的表述和“清净无为”的主张,而佛门将寺庙称为兰若,兰花称为禅友。兰文化也与文学、书法、绘画等传统审美文化密切相关,兰花常作为诗词歌赋的对象,诗人咏兰赋诗以言志,画家取兰泼墨以寓意[87]。
1.2.5 科研价值
兰科植物具有独特的形态特征、传粉机制、种子与共生菌的关系、进化路径等,所以拥有无可替代的科研价值,一直以来备受科研工作者的青睐。
原产于马达加斯加的长距彗星兰(Angraecum sesquipedale Thouars),即闻名于世的达尔文兰,是植物界拥有最长花距的物种之一。进化论奠基人达尔文于1862年见到它时就预言:一定有一种长喙的传粉昆虫与之匹配、为其授粉。该著名预言引起了许多植物学家对这种兰花的浓厚兴趣。在达尔文去世21年后的1903年,预言得到证实,人们在马达加斯加发现了为之传粉的具有长喙的天蛾,即非洲长喙天蛾的摩氏荒神天蛾预言亚种(Xanthopan morganii praedicta Rothschild)。达尔文曾经描述了许多兰花与昆虫精巧的传粉系统,并且为人们津津乐道[94]。大约1/3的兰科植物还存在特殊的欺骗性传粉,它们利用或诱导昆虫觅食、交配、产卵和栖息等行为,演化出多种欺骗性传粉机制,如泛化的食源性欺骗、性欺骗、贝茨(Batesian)拟态、产卵地拟态和栖息地拟态,欺骗性传粉可能是导致兰科植物多样性的重要原因之一[5]。
兰科植物的种子十分细小,属于被子植物中种子最小的类型之一,它仅有不被胚乳包围且微小、不发达的胚。在自然状态下,兰科种子萌发率极低,需要与特定的共生真菌结合,形成内生菌根及菌丝团,为无胚的种子提供营养,才能使种子正常萌发[19]。兰科植物通常在其整个生长发育过程中也需要与真菌共生,才能获得植物体所需的营养物质[19,95]。兰科植物的这种现象吸引了众多兰花爱好者的兴趣,纷纷研究它与共生真菌之间的关系。有研究发现,兰科植物在一定程度上利用或欺骗共生真菌为其提供养分,而共生真菌不能从兰科植物中获取任何利益,属于“偏惠共生”[96]。
随着全基因组测序技术的发展,兰科植物功能基因组的研究成为热点。深圳市兰科植物保护研究中心等单位的科学家们完成了小兰屿蝴蝶兰[Phalaenopsis equestris (Schauer) Reichb.]全基因组测序,这是世界上第一个兰科和景天酸代谢植物的基因组[97]。功能基因以MADS-box、ACS、MYB等为主,其中对MADS-box基因的研究最为广泛。研究对象主要为蝴蝶兰属(Phalaenopsis)、兰属(Cymbidium)、文心兰属(Oncidium)等观赏性强的兰花以及石斛属(Dendrobium)等具有药用价值的兰科植物资源[98]。
2 兰科资源的濒危与保护
2.1 致危因素
2.1.1 外因
生境问题是我国兰科植物濒危的第一大要因,我国约90%的兰科植物的受危因素为栖息地的恶化、丧失与破碎化[32,99]。兰科植物对生境的依赖性强,对栖息地的要求极为苛刻。土地利用方式的改变、人工林的发展、环境污染,以及一些重大工程建设等,均会造成兰科植物生境的片断化与丧失。
许多兰科植物种类因其重要的观赏或药用价值而易受到人为采集,导致种群数量迅速减少。对西双版纳兰科植物的研究表明,兰科植物的濒危等级与其利用价值显著相关,说明该地区兰科植物濒危的主要原因是过度采集[100]。对我国兰科植物线上交易的研究证明了我国存在相当规模的不可持续野生兰科植物贸易情况,涉及300余种野生兰科植物,其中兰属和石斛属为最主要的贸易对象[28-29]。
此外,温室效应和气候变化也会影响其生长发育和水分循环过程,从而对物种生存和分布产生影响[101];草地鼠害、过度放牧而导致的家畜摄食和其他人类活动如旅游等也会对野生兰科资源造成不利影响[35]。
2.1.2 内因
兰科植物种子非常小,通常只有0.15~6 mm,胚胎发育不完全,无法有效储存养分,萌发阶段所需营养依赖菌根真菌提供,因此在自然条件下种子萌发率极低;大多数兰科植物与传粉昆虫形成了协同进化关系,若传粉者受到威胁,将会直接影响相应兰科植物的结实、繁殖能力[102]。有些兰科植物自身的遗传多样性贫乏,有些种类如兜兰属植物(Paphiopedilum spp.)野外居群个体数量过少,更易受到外界因素干扰,这些都是兰科植物致濒的重要原因。研究表明,铁皮石斛(D. catenatum)绝大部分遗传变异(97.03%)存在于居群内,居群间基因交流较大,且遗传距离与地理距离不相关,推测是人为活动导致居群的片断化及不连续分布。利用SCoT和TRAR对36种石斛属(Dendrobium)植物的遗传多样性进行的研究显示,通过SCoT引物和TRAR引物获得的多态性位点比率均在96%以上[103]。在对江西野生建兰居群和寒兰居群、湖北野生春兰居群进行遗传多样性分析时,同样发现其居群遗传多样性较高,居群间基因流水平高,遗传变异主要存在于居群内,居群的遗传距离和地理距离相关性不显著[104]。而麻栗坡兜兰(Paphiopedilum malipoense S. C. Chen et Z. H. Tsi)、带叶兜兰[Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum (Lindl. ex Hook.) Stein]的遗传多样性相对较低,很难扩大分布范围和开拓新的生境。硬叶兜兰(Paphiopedilum micranthum T. Tang et F. T. Wang)野生居群受到严重的干扰和破坏,研究表明虽然它在物种水平上具有较高的遗传多样性,但是居群间存在一定程度的遗传分化,可能是地理距离和海拔差距等自然因素引起其居群之间的遗传分化[105]。
2.2 濒危现状与保护措施
2017年,对2013年发布的《中国生物多样性红色名录:高等植物卷》进行补充更新的《中国高等植物受威胁物种名录》中记录了653种受威胁兰科植物,是被子植物中受威胁种数最多的科,约占被子植物受威胁总数的1/5;在受威胁的兰科植物中,有94种极危,268种濒危,291种易危;另有5种灭绝或地区灭绝[97,106]。
基于兰科植物突出的濒危问题,2001年原国家林业局启动了《全国野生动植物保护及自然保护区建设工程总体规划》,将兰科植物作为十五大物种保护工程之一;2012年开始实施《全国极小种群野生植物拯救保护工程》,将兰科植物中极度濒危的37个种类列为拯救保护对象[107];2021年,新调整后的《国家重点保护野生植物名录》纳入了23属349种兰科植物,其中一级保护53种,二级保护296种。现有千余种兰花位于国家级自然保护区内[15]。
已有研究提出了一些保护措施,如摸清资源家底和分布情况并持续更新;在兰科植物较多的低地河谷、森林等残留植被区域建立保护小区,开展就地保护工作;对一些已无法开展就地保护的植物在确保存活的条件下,进行迁地保护;实施生态重建和恢复工作;开展宣传教育工作[108]。兰科物种多样性较低的省份(如上海、天津、山东等地,图2)开展的相关资源调查工作也往往更为不充分,近年鲜有当地植物多样性本底调查成果见报,相关兰科资源数据较少,因此应继续加强生物多样性调查等基础工作,摸清资源家底;而与此同时,兰科资源大省每年都有新种被发现和报道,新的兰科物种数据应得到及时更新。此外,兰科贸易的线下调查发现,我国南方集市中售卖的野生兰花价格相比人工杂交品种更为低廉,因此在一定程度上滋长了野生兰花的贸易行为[30]。故应继续加强人工育种和人工栽培,特别是针对利用价值较高的濒危植物,通过栽培资源替代野生资源的方式实现资源的可持续利用。还应进一步完善就地、迁地保护工作,加强监管[15],并探索使用新的保护方法,如恢复友好型栽培模式(restoration-friendly cultivation model)[109]、保护引入(conservation introduction)[110]等。
Fig.2 Rank of orchid species diversity by provincial level
Full size|PPT slide
3 展望
3.1 我国丰富的兰科资源仍存在很大的开发利用空间
虽然我国兰科植物种类丰富,利用历史悠久,但资源仍存在很大的开发利用空间。早有学者指出,除我国传统栽培的国兰以外,尚有200余种野生热带兰花可供观赏,它们同时也是园艺上杂交育种的潜在亲本,极具开发价值[111]。而随着人们精神文化需求的增加,对兰花观赏种类和品质的要求也不断提高,市场需求仍未得到充分满足。因此,应继续提升兰科植物的引种驯化、杂交育种和组织培养技术,针对优良观赏性状背后的分子机制进行深入研究,同时完善科学合理的观赏价值评价体系,筛选出高观赏价值的属和种[66],以满足市场需求,并为育种工作提供线索。
此外,我国兰科植物药用种类占比不高,且入药种类主要集中于石斛属、白及属、天麻属等传统种类,更多具有潜力的药用种类有待挖掘。同时,许多药食同源的兰科植物种类的食用价值不如其药用价值突出,食用目的也多包含养生保健等食疗之意,现有对其食用价值的研究也以描述、记录为主,其营养价值有待深入探索和开发利用。因此,应继续挖掘兰科药食种类,收集民间兰科菜谱和传统烹饪与加工技术,并加强对兰科植物食品科学、营养成分、采收和采后管理、保鲜和加工、运输及储存等方面的研究,探索兰花食品工业化的潜力,开拓合理、稳定且可持续的现代化兰科资源利用新路径。
3.2 把握生物文化关系益于资源的保护和利用
生物多样性和文化多样性紧密相关。在漫长的历史积淀中,人类为许多植物和特定的文化意义建立了稳固的联系,使它们拥有了文化属性[112]。作为一类文化植物(cultural plant),兰花向来被世人重视和喜爱,并被赋予各种情感和品格。在2021年9月新发布的《国家重点保护野生植物名录》中,大部分兰属植物由于在传统文化及科研中具有重要意义而被列入其中[113]。同时,文化植物对人的活动也有塑造作用。兰花的幽香高洁,树立了一种洁身自好、淡泊自足、不媚流俗的君子高德形象,具有教化作用。我国河北保定、浙江绍兴、湖北随州、贵州贵阳、台湾宜兰和台东等市纷纷将兰花奉为市花[112],寄托美好、高雅的寓意。文化表达人与生物的互动关系,我国丰厚的兰文化将国人与兰科植物这一生物资源紧密相连,对兰文化的深入理解将是建立人与植物之间良性互惠关系的纽带。
既有研究证明,兰科种群数量的下降影响着相关传统知识和文化价值[33],印证了生物多样性的丧失对文化有消极影响。反过来,文化多样性的流失也会加快生物多样性的丧失[114]。当今,城市化建设导致了兰花自然栖息地减少,但有研究表明,平衡好城市化进程和自然栖息地的保留,即适度城市化,并充分利用植物园、图书馆、博物馆等文化机构,可以使城市化对人们掌握兰花知识更有帮助[115],也就利于资源的保护。因此把握好兰科植物和相关文化这组关系,重视兰文化的挖掘、梳理、弘扬和传承,是保护兰科植物多样性的必要措施,也是我国生态文明建设的重要内容。
3.3 相关传统知识为兰科资源开发和可持续利用提供关键线索
除上述收录于《中华人民共和国药典》的几种传统兰科种类外,在我国民间,特别是少数民族地区,还存在着大量关于兰科药用、食用的传统知识。西双版纳境内的傣族、哈尼族、佤族、布朗族、拉祜族、基诺族6个主要世居少数民族均有药用兰科的习惯,其中拉祜族使用的种类达13种之多[116];石豆兰(Bulbophyllum radiatum Lindl.)、独花兰(Changnienia amoena Chien)、杜鹃兰[Cremastra appendiculata (D. Don) Makino]为畲族珍稀濒危特有药用物种,其中杜鹃兰(C. appendiculata)为畲族民间常用药,具有广泛的药理作用[117];西藏杓兰(Cypripedium tibeticum King ex Rolfe)、盘龙参(绶草,S. sinensis)、云南独蒜兰[Pleione yunnanensis (Rolfe) Rolfe]为纳西族传统药材[118];澜沧江流域民间使用的药用兰科植物有5种[119];布依药中涉及8种兰科植物[120]。此外还有诸多少数民族民间常用的食用兰科植物(见1.2.3)。
因此,可以通过民族植物学手段研究民族民间药用、食用兰科植物的习惯、文化、历史等,并以其为线索,通过植物化学、食品化学等方法分析药用和食用兰科植物资源,开展营养成分、加工方式、药用和食用储藏方法、药理作用或保健养生等方面的研究,进一步明确其药食价值,对开发现代药食新品种和维系兰科植物这一珍稀类群的可持续利用有着重要意义。
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摘要
为了使广东省的兰科植物及其遗传多样性得到有效的保育, 保存我国重要野生植物资源, 在2017–2019年间, 采用样线和样地相结合的调查手段、专家快速评估和野外调查相结合的评估技术以及Wilcoxon符号秩检验和Friedman检验的统计方法, 对广东省自然分布的兰科植物进行了全面的调查和濒危等级评估, 并对其在广东省自然保护区中的就地保育情况和全国植物园中的迁地保育情况进行了综合分析。结果表明, 广东省分布有兰科植物80属235种, 其中广东特有种20种; 广东兰科植物受威胁物种有186种, 其中极危11种、濒危114种、易危61种; 就地保育的兰科植物有111种, 迁地保育的兰科植物有156种, 就地和迁地共同保育的兰科植物有96种, 保育的有效程度较低; 另外, 就地、迁地、就地和迁地共同保育的兰科植物之间没有体现出明显的差异, 保育工作缺乏选择性和针对性。基于此, 我们建议广东兰科植物的保育工作应重视基础数据的收集和持续的野外监测、提高保育物种的数量、优化迁地保育物种的选择性和针对性、完善迁地保育和就地保育之间的协同性, 同时也应重视立法和公众教育, 并构建广东兰科植物保育的网络系统。
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Wild-Orchid Trade in a Chinese E-Commerce Market. Globally, the unsustainable trade in wildlife has been recognized as a major factor of biodiversity loss. Monitoring and regulating wildlife trade has not been an easy task, and new challenges have been encountered as some of the trade moves onto virtual markets on the Internet. In this study, we carried out a 1-year survey on the most popular online market platform in China, i.e.,, and determined the extent and nature of the Chinese virtual wild-orchid trade. This is among the first online studies of richness in the wild-orchid trade. We found that a total of 97 wild-sourced orchid species were offered by 53 online vendors. When the sales data were available and with all species pooled, a total of 90,714 individual plants were sold over the initial 7-month period. Four Cymbidium species were the top-traded species in terms of volume, which reflects the high demand on Cymbidium spp., a group with significance in Chinese culture. During our surveys, we encountered clear indications that the website has developed an algorithm to identify buyers' location (in this case, the U.S.A.) and disabled the potential cross-border transactions, perhaps in an effort to enforce the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species regulations. However, this enforcement on was applied to only a few species and five genera. The high volume and the potential for cross-border trade occurring on call for stronger collaboration among government agencies, NGOs, and national and international industries. It also calls for more consistent law enforcement measures and the promotion of a voluntary code of conducts among different stakeholders to effectively curb the wild-orchid trade online as well as in physical markets in China and beyond. Domestically, China needs to strengthen its legal protection of wild orchids and effective promotion of modern propagation technique among orchid growers.
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摘要
西双版纳是我国兰科植物多样性的热点地区之一。本文对该地区6个主要的集贸市场开展了为期1年(每月1次)的兰科植物贸易调查, 以了解该地区野生兰科植物采集和贸易的特点及趋势, 为兰科植物的有效保护提供依据。本次调查共记录到兰科植物38属107种, 87.9%的种类为附生兰, 除铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale)外, 其余均为野生采集。在记录到的106种野生采集的兰科植物中, 93.4%为西双版纳原生分布种, 约占该地区野生兰科植物总数的1/4, 但大多数种类的记录频次都很低, 记录频次在10次以上的仅有14种, 说明该地区兰科植物的采集和贸易在种类上具有一定的普遍性和随意性。市场上的兰花售卖者大多数都为当地居民, 他们将采集和出售兰花作为经济收入的来源和部分补充。本次调查没有发现跨边境兰花的采集和贸易。西双版纳兰科植物的贸易具有明显的传统性、地域性和季节性, 4-6月为兰花贸易的高峰期。石斛属(Dendrobium)植物是最主要的贸易对象, 共记录到35种, 占总数的32.7%, 记录频次最多的种类也都是石斛属植物。本地区药用石斛人工集约化栽培的快速发展并没有减少对野生石斛的采集, 反而在一定程度上刺激和促进了市场上的野生石斛贸易。通过对兰花贸易特点的分析, 我们针对该地区兰科植物的有效保护提出了针对性的建议, 包括应尽快制定和颁布地方性的法律法规, 维护和传承本地区传统的植物文化, 对古茶园和龙山林等进行持续的保护和采用传统方式管理, 开展有针对性的公众教育和宣传来提高公众的保护意识, 以及大力发展药用石斛的生态栽培, 使更多的当地居民参与其中, 并获得收益, 从而减少对野生资源的采集。
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Liu Z L,
Willian S, et al. Characteristics of the orchid trade at public markets and implications for conservation in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China. Biodiversity Science, 2017, 25(5): 531-539.
The Xishuangbanna region is one of the orchid hotspots in China. To understand the characteristics and trends of the orchid trade in the region, we surveyed six public markets in 2015. We identified and recorded 107 orchid species, belonging to 38 genera. Among them, 87.9% of the species were epiphytic. Apart from Dendrobium officinale, all species were collected in the wild. Among the 106 wild-harvested species, 93.4% were originally distributed to Xishuangbanna, and represented a quarter of the total species found in the area. The record frequencies of most species were very low. Only 14 species were recorded more than ten times, suggesting that the collection and trade of wild orchids was not systematic. Most of the sellers were local people. Collecting wild orchids for sale was not their main economic activity, and none of them collected or traded orchids across international borders. The highest abundance of orchids was recorded between April and June. Dendrobium species were traded the most. In total, 35 Dendrobium species were identified, representing 32.7% of all the recorded species. Dendrobium species had also the highest recorded frequencies. Although recently the area has seen rapid development of commercial cultivations of medicinal Dendrobium orchids, this development does not seem to have reduced the harvesting pressure on wild Dendrobium species and on the contrary, may have encouraged it. Based on market surveys, we make several conservation suggestions targeting orchids in the area.
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摘要
我国是世界上植物多样性最丰富的国家之一, 1999年发布的《国家重点保护野生植物名录》(下称《名录》(第一批))明确了国家重点保护野生植物的范围, 为依法强化保护、规范无序开发利用、提高公众保护意识奠定了基础。20多年来, 我国野生植物多样性保护形势发生了很大变化, 需要对《名录》进行调整。2018年, 国家林业和草原局、农业农村部启动《名录》调整工作, 物种的遴选遵循了5条基本原则和4条补充性原则, 这些原则主要涉及中国珍稀濒危物种, 具有重要经济、文化、科研、生态等价值物种的入选以及部分物种的排除。经国务院批准, 2021年9月7日, 国家林业和草原局、农业农村部发布了调整后的《名录》, 包括真菌类、藻类、苔藓、石松类和蕨类植物、裸子植物和被子植物, 共计约1,101种(455种和40类)野生植物列入其中。本文简要介绍了《名录》调整的必要性、原则和程序及调整后的情况。
Lu Z L,
Qin H N,
Jin X H, et al. On the necessity, principle, and process of updating the List of National Key Protected Wild Plants. Biodiversity Science, 2021, 29(12): 1577-1582.
Aims: Recently, the List of National Key Protected Wild Plants has been updated after a long intermission since its first version issued 22 years ago. In this paper, we illustrated the necessity, urgency, principle, and process of updating the List of National Key Protected Wild Plants (LNKPWP).
Methods: We reviewed the situation of plant conservation in China in last two decades and the process of updating the List of National Key Protected Wild Plants.
Results: During the last two decades, the increase of human population and economy has had a deep effect on the conservation of plant diversity in China. Thirty species of higher plants in China were assessed as Extinct or Extinct in the Wild, and more than 3,800 species were assessed in threatened status in 2017 due to habitat loss or fragmentation, over-collection, and other factors. Because of this, it was crucial to update the List of National Key Protected Wild Plants (LNKPWP). The project to update LNKPWP began in 2018. Five basic and four supplementary principles of inclusion and exclusion of species in LNKPWP, were discussed and adopted during the process, especially the inclusion of endangered species, and species of important economic, cultural, ecological, and scientific interest. The updated LNKPWP received the approval from the State Council and became a legitimate appendix of the Regulation of Wild Plant Protection of China on 7th September, 2021. In total, there are 455 species and 40 taxa (families, genera or sections) in LNKPWP.
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Dulong (Drung people) are one of the ethnic minorities of China, consisting of a small population living in remote and mountainous regions with limited facilities. Over the years, the Dulong have maintained their livelihood by collecting wild medicinal and edible plants. Therefore, through their experience and understanding, they had accumulated sufficient traditional knowledge about local plant resources. Since ancient times, wild edible plants have been essential to the food security of the Dulong people. However, there is almost no comprehensive report available on WEPs consumed by the Dulong people. The objectives of this study were to: (1) make a systematic study of WEPs used by Dulong people, (2) record traditional knowledge related to WEPs, (3) analyze multiple uses of WEPs, and (4) evaluate species with significant cultural significance to Dulong people.Ethnobotanical survey including free listing, semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews and participatory observations was conducted in Dulongjiang Township, Gongshan County, Yunnan Province, Southwest China. A total of 127 informants were selected using the snowball method and information about WEPs, including vernacular name, food categories, parts used, mode of consumption, collection season, and other local uses were collected. The RFC and CFSI were calculated to identify the most culturally significant WEPs. One-way analysis of variance was performed to evaluate whether the four reference variables (gender, age, occupation, and education) significantly influenced the number of plant species mentioned by the respondents.A total of 148 species of WEPs consumed by the Dulong people belonging to 58 families were collected, including wild vegetables (71), wild fruits (52), staple food substitutes (15), spices (7), nuts (4), tea substitute (2), liquor making materials (3) oils and fats (3), and culinary coagulants (1). WEPs are used in a number of different ways, including as fuelwood, feed, and medicine. Food substitute plants accounted for the majority of the top 27 wild food plants identified by RFC and CFSI. It was observed that farmers have more knowledge of WEPs, and moderate education level informants reported less WEPs used.The WEPs used by the Dulong people are diverse and abundant in the Dulongjiang region. In the future, WEPs such as Maianthemum atropurpureum, Caryota obtusa, Cardiocrinum giganteum, and Angiopteris esculenta with economic potential can be developed to provide a source of income for the residents. More studies of the nutritional value, chemical composition, and biological activities of WEPs are needed. The demands and development of local communities can be realized under the premise of protecting WEPs and the associated traditional knowledge. More attention should be paid to the value of WEP and underutilized plants during future rural development.© 2022. The Author(s).
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摘要
本文基于文献和标本信息收集以及专家提供的数据, 运用IUCN濒危物种红色名录方法首次对中国范围内所有已知被子植物进行灭绝风险评估。结果显示, 在评估的30,068种被子植物中, 灭绝等级(含灭绝、野外灭绝、地区灭绝)共计40种; 受威胁等级(极危、濒危、易危) 3,363种, 受威胁比例为11.18%。从空间分布看, 我国受威胁被子植物主要集中分布在西南地区以及台湾、海南等岛屿, 且主要分布在中低海拔地区。对受威胁物种的分析结果表明, 包括原生植被破坏在内的生境丧失及破碎化是我国被子植物濒危的首要因子, 涉及约84.1%的受威胁物种; 过度采挖和物种内在系统问题位列致危因子的第二、三位, 分别涉及38%和14%的物种。其他的致危因子包括外来入侵种在内的种间竞争、环境污染、自然灾害和全球气候变化等。一个物种的致危因子往往是多方面的。本次评估与2004年红色名录相比, 生境变化、实施保护措施及分类学新修订使一些物种的濒危等级发生了变化, 这也印证了红色名录是一个动态的系统, 需要根据最新信息进行更新, 以便为生物多样性保护提供实时准确的基础数据。
Qin H N,
Zhao L N,
Yu S X, et al. Evaluating the endangerment status of China’s angiosperms through the red list assessment. Biodiversity Science, 2017, 25(7): 745-757.
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摘要
大黄花虾脊兰(Calanthe sieboldii)是典型的大陆与岛屿间间断分布的兰科物种, 适宜分布气候范围狭窄, 同时依赖特殊的传粉者传粉, 包括黄胸木蜂(Xylocopa appendiculata)、赤足木蜂(X. rufipes)和中华绒木蜂(X. chinensis)等3种木蜂属(Xylocopa)昆虫。本文通过R语言Biomod2程序包建立物种分布模型(SDM), 预测了2050年和2070年时大黄花虾脊兰及其传粉者在3种代表浓度路径(RCP2.6、RCP4.5与RCP8.5)下的分布格局, 以期为该濒危植物的保育提供参考。结果表明: 降水相关变量比温度相关变量对大黄花虾脊兰分布的平均解释率更高, 两者分别为25.4%和13.9%。当前大黄花虾脊兰适生区主要集中在华中和华东地区, 未来适生区的增减主要受到气候情景的影响, 其变化范围为?59.0%到34.7%, 并可能向更高海拔的地区移动; 未来木蜂适生区将净收缩16.4%–19.7%, 且主要向西北和东北移动; 因而两者共同分布的面积占大黄花虾脊兰适生区的比例未来相比当前的90.0%可能下降0.5%–11.4%, 表明大黄花虾脊兰分布可能受到未来气候变化和传粉者分布减少的双重影响, 因此对该物种或类似特化传粉的兰科植物进行保育时应当充分考虑传粉者因素。
Yu Y J,
Luo H L,
Liu N N, et al. Influence of the climate change on suitable areas of Calanthe sieboldii and its pollinators in China. Biodiversity Science, 2020, 28(7): 769-778.
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摘要
近年来, 由于过度采挖和生境片断化, 湖北野生春兰（Cymbidium goeringii）资源正面临着灭绝的危险。本文采用ISSR分子标记技术对湖北省内的11个春兰野生居群共325个个体的遗传多样性水平及居群遗传结构进行了研究。11个引物共检测到127个位点, 其中112个为多态位点, 占88.19%。POPGENE分析结果表明: 与其他兰科植物相比, 春兰具有丰富的遗传变异(在物种水平上, H<sub>e</sub>=0.2628, H<sub>o</sub>=0.4037; 在居群水平上, PPL=63.06%, H<sub>e</sub>=0.1945, H<sub>o</sub>=0.2958)。Nei's遗传多样性分析和AMOVA分析表明, 各居群间产生了一定程度的遗传分化(G<sub>ST</sub>=0.2440, F<sub>ST</sub>=0.2207)。居群间一定程度的遗传分化可能是由生境破坏和基因流障碍(N<sub>m</sub>=0.8828)引起。UPGMA聚类分析可知, 与其他居群相比, 恩施地区的5个居群，即巴东（BD）、福宝山（FBS）、宣恩（XE）、毛坝（MB）、来凤（LF）优先聚成一支, 而大悟(DW)居群单独聚为一支。同时本研究也表明, 虽然春兰自交亲和, 但在自然界中其繁育系统还是以异交为主。鉴于春兰资源的遗传多样性现状和其相应的居群遗传结构, 我们建议在遗传多样性较高的来凤(LF)、京山(JS)、大悟(DW)居群设立保护点进行就地保护; 而对资源破坏最为严重的毛坝(MB)和宣恩(XE)居群要实行迁地保护。
Gao L,
Yang B. Genetic diversity of wild Cymbidium goeringii (Orchidaceae) populations from Hubei based on ISSR analysis. Biodiversity Science, 2006, 14(3): 250-257.
Wild Cymbidium goeringii (Orchidaceae) plants in Hubei Province have become endangered due to over-harvesting and habitat fragmentation in recent years. The genetic diversity of 325 individuals from 11 populations in Hubei Province was investigated using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. As a re-sult, 127 bands were amplified by 11 informative and reliable primers, of which 112 were polymorphic loci. A relatively high level of genetic diversity was revealed: PPL=88.19%, He = 0.2628, Ho = 0.4037 (at species level); PPL = 63.06%， He = 0.1945, Ho = 0.2958 (at population level). A higher level of genetic differentia-tion was detected among populations with Nei's GST analysis and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA; GST = 0.2440， FST = 0.2207). Some differentiation may result from habitat fragmentation and barriers to gene flow. UPGMA cluster analysis indicated that the five populations from Enshi region (BD, FBS, XE, MB, and LF) grouped together, whereas Dawu (DW) population clustered in an isolated clade. The Mantel test showed that genetic distance was positively correlated with geographical distance. Furthermore, the results showed that a mixed mating system was possibly the main factor influencing the genetic structure of this species. These results, combined with other information about C. goeringii, may provide a valuable basis for proposing conservation strategies. In situ conservation will be suitable for Laifeng (LF), Jingshan (JS), and Dawu (DW) populations with sufficient genetic diversity, while an ex situ strategy should be taken into consideration for Maoba and Xuanen populations, where only a few individuals are left.
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摘要
为了解怒江河谷低海拔地区的生物多样性, 我们以兰科植物为例, 对怒江河谷贡山和福贡段海拔1,600 m以下的4片残留原生植被中的兰科植物多样性和受威胁状况进行了调查。通过4次野外路线法考察和相关的室内标本研究, 发现这些残存的森林中兰科植物多样性非常丰富, 目前已记录33个属60种兰科植物, 其中附生兰为42种, 地生兰为18种。在已鉴定的物种中, 一种毛兰属植物(Eria sp.)为中国新记录种或新种, 疣花三角兰(Trias verru-cosa)为怒江河谷特有, 洛氏羊耳蒜(Liparis rockii)为怒江河谷和独龙江河谷所特有, 杓兰属一种(Cypripedium sp.)、盆距兰(Gastrochilus calceolaris)、羽唇兰(Ornitochilus difformis)、带叶兰(Taeniophyllum glandulosum)、匙萼卷瓣兰(Bulbophyllum spathulatum)、短穗竹茎兰(Tropidia curculigoides)、卵叶火烧兰(Epipactis royleana)等为本区域新记录种。这些兰科植物面临的主要威胁为生境破碎化、生境质量下降和生境丧失。我们建议尽快开展该地区生物多样性调查和濒危状况评估, 并制定和实施有效的保护措施。
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The biodiversity of low elevation portions of Nujiang Valley has largely been ignored. Here, we illustrate the biodiversity richness of this region using the orchid flora as an example. We investi-gated orchid species diversity in remnant forests at four sites below 1,600 m elevation along the Nujiang River. In total, at least 60 species in 33 genera were recorded at these four sites, including one species (<em>Eria </em>sp.) that is either undescribed or new to the Chinese flora, two locally endemic species (<em>Trias verru-cosa</em> and <em>Liparis rockii</em>), and seven species not previously recorded in this region, i.e. <em>Cypripedium</em> sp., <em>Gas-trochilus calceolaris</em>, <em>Ornitochilus difformis</em>, <em>Taeniophyllum glandulosum</em>, <em>Bulbophyllum spathula-tum</em>, <em>Tropidia curculigoides</em>, and <em>Epipactis royleana</em>. Major threats to these orchids include habitat fragmentation and loss. Our results highlight the urgent need for field surveys of this region’s biodiver-sity. We present strategies to conserve biodiversity in this region.
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在写作过程中得到中国科学院植物研究所、中国科学院昆明植物研究所、中央民族大学、深圳市兰科植物保护研究中心等单位有关专家的支持;云南高黎贡山国家级自然保护区保山管护局项目(GBP-2022-01)和中央民族大学自主课题(2020MDJC03、2022ZDPY10、2022GJAQ04)予以资助。
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{{custom_ack.content}}基金
*国家自然科学基金(31761143001)
国家自然科学基金(31870316)
生态环境部生物多样性调查评估项目(2019HJ2096001006)
深圳市濒危兰科植物保护与利用重点实验室项目(OU202102)
{{custom_fund}}相关知识
中国野生兰科植物资源与保护利用现状*
重点实验室综述我国野生兰科植物资源与保护利用现状
中国兰科花卉种质资源的保护与利用研究共3篇.docx
野生兰花资源现状、保护与发展建议
兰科花卉野生资源调查研究进展.pdf
[植物资源与利用
植物资源与利用
保护野生兰花 拒绝乱采滥挖－－中国野生植物保护协会启动兰科植物保护行动
保护野生兰花 拒绝乱采滥挖——中国野生植物保护协会启动兰科植物保护行动
云南珍稀野生兰花面临盗采等威胁：野生兰科植物亟待更好保护
网址: 中国野生兰科植物资源与保护利用现状* https://m.huajiangbk.com/newsview179009.html
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