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中国水产养殖装备发展现状

花匠小妙招
2025-05-14 23:15

摘要:水产养殖装备是高效发展现代水产养殖，促进水产养殖产业结构改革的重要技术支撑。基于养殖装备、信息技术和自动控制等多学科协同发力的智慧水产养殖模式已成为现代渔业高质量发展的新趋势与重要抓手，这也对水产养殖现有装备及其相关技术提出了更高的智能化要求。本文梳理了池塘、工厂化、网箱、筏式和底播养殖等5种主要养殖方式装备发展现状，从数字化和智能化角度分析了环境监测、对象感知、饲料投喂、分级计数等养殖环节中常用装备的研究进展，指出了制约我国水产养殖智能装备与技术发展的关键问题，提出了“机械化、自动化、智能化”的水产养殖装备与技术发展的新思路，旨在实现我国从水产养殖大国向水产养殖强国的历史转变。

关键词:水产养殖 / 装备 / 机械化 / 自动化 / 智能化

Abstract:Aquaculture equipment is an important technical support for the efficient development of modern aquaculture and the promotion of structural reform in the aquaculture industry. The intelligent aquaculture model based on the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines such as aquaculture equipment, information technology, and automatic control, has become a new trend and an important lever for the high-quality development of modern fisheries, which also puts forward higher intelligent requirements for the existing equipment and related technologies of aquaculture. This article summarizes the current development status of five main aquaculture methods and equipment, including pond, factory, cage, raft, and bottom sowing aquaculture. From the perspectives of digitization and intelligence, it analyzes the research progress of commonly used equipment in aquaculture processes such as environmental monitoring, object perception, feeding, and graded counting. It points out the key issues that restrict the development of intelligent equipment and technology in aquaculture in China, A new concept of "mechanization, automation, and intelligence" for the development of aquaculture equipment and technology has been proposed, aiming to achieve the historical transformation of China from a major aquaculture country to a strong aquaculture country.

图 1 养殖对象信息感知技术框图

Figure 1. Aquaculture objects intelligent sensing technology framework

表 1 环境监测装备产业应用现状

Table 1. The current application status of environmental monitoring equipment industry

系统类型
type典型代表
typical representative获取数据
data procurement
应用现状
current status 养殖环境监测系统养殖用水监测溶氧、pH、水温、盐度、氧化还原电位(ORP)等逐步开始产业化应用尾水监测三态氮、亚硝酸盐、COD等应用较少养殖气象监测气温、气压、光辐照度、风速、风向、降雨量等广泛应用

表 2 投喂装备研究现状

Table 2. Research status of feeding equipment

应用场景
application scenarios主要研究方向
main research directions成熟度
stage 池塘自巡航虾塘移动投喂船试验样机料塔式集中投喂机产品成熟工厂化轨道式投饲机试验样机智能投饲车研发阶段网箱远距离风力投喂产品成熟大型投喂船产品成熟

表 3 智能投喂决策算法研究现状

Table 3. Research status of intelligent feeding decision algorithms

技术类型
type of technology主要研究方向
main research directions适用场景
applicable scene成熟度
stage 光学
optics 水上摄食行为监测池塘、工厂化、网箱研发阶段水下集群行为监测工厂化、网箱研发阶段声学
acoustics 被动声学技术池塘、网箱试验样机主动声学技术网箱研发阶段

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