笔竹开花生物学特性研究

• 花匠小妙招
• 2025-05-17 10:45

摘要:

目的

探讨笔竹（Pseudosasa viridula）开花生物学特性。

方法

通过野外实地观测和解剖观察研究笔竹的开花林相、开花动态、花器官构造、结实情况等开花生物学特性。

结果

笔竹为连续开花型竹种，花期为1—5月，盛花期为3月初至4月中旬，开花类型复杂多样，主要分为老竹开花型、新竹开花型、不开花型3种类型；自然条件下结实率极低，仅为0.12%，花后竹林更新主要通过无性繁殖。花序由3～4枚小穗组成，每枚小穗上具小花8～10朵，小花含1枚外稃、1枚内稃、3枚浆片，雄蕊多数为3枚，极少数为6枚，1枚雌蕊，柱头3裂，羽毛状；整个花序的开花顺序为自上而下，各小穗上小花的开花顺序为自下而上，为混合花序；雌雄同熟，果实为颖果。

结论

本研究为竹类植物的杂交育种工作提供了参考。

关键词: 笔竹  /  开花  /  生物学特性  /  林相  

Abstract:

Objective

To explore the flowering biological characteristics of Pseudosasa viridula S. L. Chen et G. Y. Sheng.

Method

Field observation and optical anatomy were used to study the flowering biological characteristics of flowering forest facies, flowering dynamics, flower organ structure, fruiting condition and so on.

Result

Pseudosasa viridula is a kind of continuous flowering bamboo species, and its flowering period is from January to May of each year, and the period of full bloom is from March 1 to April 15. The types of flowering are complex and diverse, which are mainly divided into three types: old bamboo flowering type, new bamboo flowering type and non-flowering type. Under natural conditions, the fruiting rate is very low, only 0.12%, and the regeneration of post-flower bamboo forest conducts mainly through asexual reproduction. The whole inflorescence consists of 3 or 4 spikelets, with 8 - 10 florets on each spikelet. Each floret contains 1 lemma, 1 palea, 3 lodicules, stamens mostly 3 (very few are 6), 1 pistil and 3 plumose stigmas. The flowering order of the whole inflorescence is top-down, while the flowering order of florets on the same spikelet was bottom-up, so the inflorescence of Pseudosasa viridula belongs to the mixed inflorescence. The floret is monochogamy and the fruit is caryopsis.

Conclusion

This study provides a theoretical reference for sexual breeding and cross breeding of bamboo, as well as a certain basis for the study of low seed setting rate and cross breeding of Pseudosasa viridula.

图  1  

笔竹开花林相

注：1.开花初期竹林；2.未开花小穗；3.开花盛期竹林；4.小花开放集中在小穗中、下部；5.开花后期竹林；6.小花开放集中在小穗上部；7.末期竹林；8.少量竹花仍在开放；9.受虫食的小穗；10. 6月份竹林，新竹低矮细小；11. 9月份竹林，新竹生长旺盛；12.新竹次年开花。

Figure  1.  

Forest form of flowering forest

Notes: 1. Bamboo forest at the beginning of flowering; 2. Unflowering spikelets; 3. Bamboo forest at full bloom period; 4. The floretsblooming in the middle and lower part of the spikelets; 5. Late period of flowering bamboo forest; 6. The florets blooming concentratedin the upper part of the spikelet; 7. Bamboo forest at the end of flowering; 8. A small amount of bamboo flowers were still blooming; 9. Caryopsis eaten by insect; 10. In June, new bamboo were small; 11. Bamboo forest in September with new bamboo grew vigorously; 12. New bamboo did not bloom in that year and bloomed the second year.

图  2  

笔竹花器官及果实形态结构

注：1.花序；2.小穗；3.开放的小花；4.外稃；5.内稃；6.浆片；7.极少见的6枚雄蕊；8.雌蕊；9.果实。比例尺均为100 mm。

Figure  2.  

Floral organs and fruit morphology of Pseudosasaviridula.

Notes: 1.Inflorescence(4 spikelets); 2.Spikelet; 3.Opening floret(3 stamens); 4. Lemma; 5.Palea; 6. Lodicule; 7. The rare 6 stamens; 8. Gynoecium;9. Caryopsis; Scale bar: 100 mm.

图  3  

笔竹小花开花进程

注：1.尚未开花的小穗；2.花药微微露出；3.花药全部伸出；4.花药开始下垂；5.柱头完全伸出；6.花药完全下垂；7.花药开始散粉；8.花丝回缩；9.花药萎缩

Figure  3.  

The Flowering proceeding of Pseudosasa viridula

Notes: 1. Spikelets that have not yet bloomed; 2. Anther begun coming out; 3.The whole anther extend out; 4.Anther began dropping; 5. The stigma was completely protruding out; 6.The whole anther dropped down; 7. The dehiscent anthers; 8. Filaments were shrinking; 9. The shrinked anther.

图  4  

笔竹开花顺序

注：1～2.花序中最先开放的小花；3～4.小穗上各小花的开放顺序；5.同一小穗内从下至上各小花的雄蕊；6.同一小穗内从下至上各小花的雌蕊；图5～6 比例尺为：100 mm。

Figure  4.  

The blossom order of Pseudosasa viridula

Notes: 1-2. The first flower to open in the whole inflorescence; 3-4.The opening order of florets on spikelets; 5. Anther development from bottom to top in the same spikelet; 6.Pistil development of florets from bottom to top in the same spikelet; Fig.5-6=100 mm.

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