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《植物病虫害绿色防控技术》课件

花匠小妙招
2025-05-19 14:54

三花生根结线虫病绿色防控

III

GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutRoot-knotNematodeDisease

三花生根结线虫病绿色防控III.GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutRoot-knotNematodeDisease

花生根结线虫病俗称地黄病、黄秧病等，是一种世界性病害。花生感病后，根的吸收功能被破坏，植株矮小发黄，花小且开花晚，结果少或不结果。一般减产20%～30%，严重的可减产70%以上，甚至绝收。

Peanutroot-knotnematodedisease,commonlyknownasdigitalisandyellowseedlingdisease,isaworldwidedisease.Afterthepeanutisinfected,theabsorptionfunctionoftherootisdestroyed,theplantisshortandyellow,theflowersaresmallandbloomlate,andthereislittleornofruiting.Generally,theyieldwillbereducedby20%~30%,andmaybemorethan70%oreven100%inseverecases.（一）症状识别主要为害植株的地下部。花生播种半个月后，当主根开始生长时，线虫便可侵入主根尖端，使之膨大形成纺锤形虫瘿(根结)，初期为乳白色，后变为黄褐色。由于根部组织受到破坏，致使植株生长矮小。叶片发黄，叶片小，底叶叶缘焦灼，叶片早期脱落，病株开花迟，结果少而小，甚至不结果。

三花生根结线虫病绿色防控III.GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutRoot-knotNematodeDisease

(I)SymptomIdentification

Itmainlyharmstheundergroundpartsofplants.Halfamonthafterthepeanutsaresown,whenthetaprootsstarttogrow,thenematodescaninvadeandenlargethetipsofthetaprootstospindle-shapedgalls(rootknots).Theyaremilkywhiteatthebeginningandthenturnyellowish-brown.Dwarfplantgrowthiscausedbyroottissuedestruction.Theleavesturnyellow,theleavesaresmall,themarginsofthebottomleavesarescorching,theleavesfalloffearly,thediseasedplantsbloomlate,thefruitsarefewandsmall,andevennofruitsareborne.（二）病原

病原线虫有3个种，即花生根结线虫、北方根结线虫和爪哇根结线虫，均属侧尾腺口纲、根结线虫属线虫。

线虫的整个生活史分为卵、幼虫、成虫3个阶段。

三花生根结线虫病绿色防控III.GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutRoot-knotNematodeDisease

(II)Etiology

Thereare3speciesofpathogenicnematodes,i.e.peanutroot-knotnematode,northernroot-knotnematodeandJavaroot-knotnematode,allofwhicharenematodesoftheclassParacaudaandtheroot-knotnematode.Thewholelifehistoryofnematodeshas3stages:eggs,larvae,andimagoes.（三）发病规律

以卵在卵囊内和幼虫在根结内、果皮上随病根和病果壳在土壤或粪肥中越冬。该病原线虫可借病果及混有病株残体的粪肥作近距离传播，也可借农具、人畜、地面流水作近距离扩散。线虫侵入的土壤温度为12～34℃，最适温度为20～26℃，最适土壤湿度为70％，土壤水量在20%以下和90%以上不利于侵入。连作病重，轮作病轻；砂壤土病重，黏壤土病轻；早播病重，晚播病轻；春播病重，夏播病轻；干旱年份发病重，多雨年份发病轻。

三花生根结线虫病绿色防控III.GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutRoot-knotNematodeDisease

(III)OccurrenceRegularity

Theyoverwinteraseggsinoocystsandlarvaeinrootsandpeelswithdiseasedrootsandshellsinsoilormanure.

Thepathogenicnematodecanbespreadatcloserangebydiseasedfruitsandmanuremixedwithresiduesofdiseasedplants,orbyfarmtools,humansandanimals,andgroundrunningwater.

Thesoiltemperaturefornematodeintrusionis12~34°C,theoptimaltemperatureis20~26°C,theoptimalsoilhumidityis70%,andthesoilwatervolumebelow20%andabove90%isnotconducivetointrusion.Seriousincontinuouscroppingandgentleinrotation;seriousinsandyloamandgentleinclayloam;seriousinearlysowingandgentleinlatesowing;seriousinspringsowingandgentleinsummersowing;seriousindroughtyearsandgentleinrainyyears.（四）防治技术1、严格植物检疫

花生根结线虫是检疫对象。加强检疫工作保护无病区，不从病区调运花生种子；如确需调种时，应剥去果壳，只调果仁，并在调种前将其干燥到含水量10％以下，在调运其他寄主植物时，也应实施检疫。2、农业防治

轮作倒茬，与小麦、玉米、高梁等禾本科作物轮作，轮作年限越长，防治效果越明显；收获时清除病根，并将病土犁翻、曝晒，可减少线虫数量，病株、病根、病果要集中处理，清除田内外杂草寄主；合理施肥，增施有机肥；合理灌水，改善灌溉条件，修建排水沟，忌串灌，防止水浇传播。

三花生根结线虫病绿色防控III.GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutRoot-knotNematodeDisease(IV)ControlTechnique1.StrictplantquarantinePeanutroot-knotnematodesarequarantineobjects.Strengthenquarantineworktoprotectthedisease-freeareaanddonottransferpeanutseedsfromthediseasedarea.Whennecessarytotransferseeds,peelofftheshells,transferonlythekernels,anddrythemtoamoisturecontentbelow10%beforetransfer.Carryoutquarantinewhentransferringotherhostplants.2.AgriculturalcontrolRotatecropswithwheat,corn,sorghumandothergramineouscrops.Thelongertherotationperiod,themoreobviousthecontroleffect;removethediseasedrootsduringharvest,andplowandexposethediseasedsoiltothesuntoreducethenumberofnematodes.Treatdiseasedplants,rootsandfruitsinacentralizedmannertoremoveweedhostsinandoutofthefield;Carryoutreasonablefertilizationandadditionalapplicationoforganicfertilizer;irrigatereasonably,improveirrigationconditions,builddrainageditches,avoidcrossirrigationtopreventspreadbywatering.3、化学防治

播前沟施或穴施噻唑膦颗粒剂、阿维菌素颗粒剂。沟施方法：春耕时顺犁沟均匀施入，并立即覆土，以免挥发降低药效；穴施方法：药剂加细土25kg/亩制成毒土施入穴内，覆土后播种；播种要分层播种，防止药害。或阿维·吡虫啉微囊悬浮剂、寡糖·噻唑膦颗粒剂等，沟施或穴施。

三花生根结线虫病绿色防控III.GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutRoot-knotNematodeDisease3.ChemicalcontrolBeforesowing,applythiazole-phosphinegranulesandavermectingranulesintheditchorhole.Ditchapplicationmethod:Applyevenlyalongtheploughduringspringploughing,andimmediatelycoverthesoiltoavoidvolatilizationandreducingtheefficacy;holeapplicationmethod:Applytoxicsoilmadeofch