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'Islands and Beaches': The Pacific and Indian Oceans in the Long Nineteenth Century——Reading List A1

花匠小妙招
2025-07-28 17:06

‘ISLANDS AND BEACHES’:

THE PACIFIC AND INDIAN OCEANS IN THE LONG NINETEENTH CENTURY

Convenor: Dr. Sujit Sivasundaram, Gonville and Caius College, sps20@cam.ac.uk

‘Oceania is vast. Oceania is expanding. Oceania is hospitable and generous. Oceania is humanity rising from the depths of brine and regions of fire deeper still. Oceania is us. We are the sea, we are the oceans, we must wake up to this ancient truth and together use it to overturn all hegemonic views that aim ultimately to confine us again, physically and psychologically, in the tiny spaces which we have resisted accepting as our sole appointed place, and from which we have recently liberated ourselves. We must not allow anyone to belittle us again, and take away our freedom.’

From ‘Our Sea of Islands’ in Contemporary Pacific, 1994, by Epeli Hau’ofa (1939-2009), Tongan writer and anthropologist.

Islands were critical in birthing our modern world, and yet they have often been forgotten in our accounts of world history. Because of their rigid boundaries and small territories, islands were subject to intensive processes of cultural encounter, political annexation and settlement, making them particularly revealing and tragic places to observe the impact of colonialism and globalisation. This paper returns to the history of the Pacific and Indian Oceans in the long nineteenth century, by viewing these large expanses of water as constellations of islands. In these seas, islands served amongst other things as garrison states, laboratories of science, sites for the exclusion of the diseased and penal colonies. They were violent spaces: connected to regimes of labour servitude and with narratives of depopulation and extinction.

The teaching for this paper starts with the age of exploration at the end of the eighteenth century, which was characterised by an obsession with island cultures and peoples, because of prevalent notions of romanticism, noble savagery, utopianism and scientific inquiry. It picks up on the impact of the global age of revolutions on these islands and seas, where islands were staging points for discourses of rights and freedom, and republican protest as much as imperial rivalry. At the mid-point of its chronology, the paper will construct a connected history of anti-colonial rebellions at the mid nineteenth-century between far flung islands. Along the way, students will study the impact of the law, war, religion, and trade in zoning these oceans and defining island spaces. They will also turn to literary accounts and consider why islands were peculiarly interesting to novelists and artists. The paper will study how islands were important as environmental laboratories and for the origins of ideas of nature consciousness. The narrative of labour, indenture and slavery is critical here, as new systems of plantation labour emerged in these spaces after the abolition of Atlantic slavery. From the perspective of a maritime and technological history, islands were critical nodes in a world of increasing globalisation; these were the points of access to landmasses, via ships and telegraphs, which allowed global forces to do their work, while erasing the islands’ place in the map as the century proceeded. The paper will end with the years before the first World War, when new notions of cosmopolitan nationalism, heritage and attachment emerged on these islands. This marked the demise of the age of the island colony, as Europeans took over the interior of continents, for instance in the Scramble, and as geo-political power was theorised as linked to land routes, rather than sea-lanes. The analytical arc of the paper therefore marks the rise and fall of islands as colonies in world history.

Why look at islands to study world history? In historiographical terms, world history is now awash with a rich literature on oceanic histories which maps connections across water and traces transnational and transregional relations. At the same time, world history is characterised by a highly distinguished tradition of work in area studies, evident in other offerings in the Specified Papers at the Faculty in Indian history, Middle Eastern history, African history and Latin American history. The current paper is an attempt to find a middle plane of analysis, between the globe and the region. It takes the importance of locality firmly into view whilst avoiding the grand generalisations that sometimes characterise world history. It also begins with a commitment to the fact that tiny places have had significant impacts on the broader contours of world history. For students, it provides an innovative method of understanding how extra-European peoples were caught in the middle of global forces, whilst making them their own. Focusing on islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans also offers a way of thinking in comparative terms about empires. Yet it is important to underscore that the island histories considered here will open up broader themes, rather than allowing students ‘to island’ their own knowledge. In other words and in summary, this is an attempt to see the world in an island, to see seas as islands, and to see islands as worlds in worlds.

The teaching of this paper will be structured into two parts. In Part A, which will involve a course of 8 core lectures, students will be introduced to themes in nineteenth century oceanic history which touch on islands. In Part B students will attend 10 1.5 hour Faculty classes devoted to particular islands, and some of these classes will be held alongside primary materials in the Archaeology and Anthropology Museum (on Fiji), in the Royal Commonwealth Society Collections (on Sri Lanka) and the Darwin Correspondence Project (on Tierra del Fuego). The examination paper will have c. 24 questions which take on board broader themes as well as individual case studies. A model exam is attached at the end of this reading list. Supervisions for this paper will be arranged by Sujit Sivasundaram. Students will be advised to divide up their supervision topics across Part A and Part B, ensuring coverage and an integrated understanding of the whole paper.

There will be a total of five or six supervisions for this Paper, and students will be asked to choose their supervision topics in advance, so that the right arrangements for teaching can be put in place. A student’s supervision pattern for this paper will include single, paired and grouped supervision, and students will be able to choose from within the wide menu of topics on offer below.

Indicative general bibliography:

C. A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World, 1780-1914: Global Connections and Comparisons (2004).

Sugata Bose, A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in an Age of Global Empire (2006).

Megan Vaughan, Creating the Creole Island: Slavery in Eighteenth-century Mauritius (2005).

Clare Anderson, Subaltern Lives: Biographies of Colonialism in the Indian Ocean (2012).

Abdul Sheriff and Engseng Ho eds., The Indian Ocean: Oceanic Connections and the Creation of New Societies (2014).

David Igler, The Great Ocean: Pacific Worlds from Captain Cook to the Gold Rush (2013).

David Armitage and Alison Bashford eds., Pacific Histories: Ocean, Land, People (2014).

John Gascoigne, Encountering the Pacific in the Age of Enlightenment (2014).

Gregory T. Cushman, Guano and the Opening of the Pacific World (2013).

Matt K. Matsuda, Pacific Worlds: A History of Seas, Peoples, and Cultures (2012).

Greg Dening, Islands and Beaches: Discourses on a Silent Land, Marquesas, 1774-1880 (1980).

Donald Freeman, The Pacific (2010).

Richard Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism (1995).

Sunil Amrith, Crossing the Bay of Bengal: The Furies of Nature and the Fortunes of Migrants (2013).

Patrick Brantlinger, Dark Vanishings: Discourse on the Extinction of Primitive Races, 1800-1930 (2003).

Sujit Sivasundaram, Islanded: Britain, Sri Lanka and the Bounds of an Indian Ocean Colony (2013).

Pier Larson, Ocean of Letters: Language and Creolization in the Indian Ocean Diaspora (2009).

Thomas Metcalf, Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, 1860-1920 (2008).

Michael Pearson, The Indian Ocean (2003).

Marshall Sahlins, Islands of History (1995).

Anne Salmond, Aphrodite’s Island: The European Discovery of Tahiti (2010).

Bernard Smith, Imagining the Pacific: In the Wake of the Cook Voyages (1992).

Vanessa Smith and Rod Edmond eds., Islands in History and Representation (2003).

Nicholas Thomas, Islanders: The Pacific in an Age of Empire (2010).

Engseng Ho, The Graves of Tarim: Genealogy and Mobility across the Indian Ocean (2006).

E. Alpers, The Indian Ocean in World History (2014).

Reference

Students will find the seventeen-volume series edited by Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giraldez, The Pacific World: Lands, Peoples and History of the Pacific, 1500-1900 (Ashgate Press) of use. They may also wish to consult the Oxford History of the British Empire and its Companion Series. The following journals will be directly relevant to this course, and students are encouraged to keep an eye on recent articles: The Journal of Pacific History; The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History; Itinerario; Journal of Global History; Comparative Studies in Society and History; Comparative Studies of South Asia, the Middle East and Africa; Modern Asian Studies; Modern Intellectual History; South Asia; Journal for Maritime Research.

Novels and travel literature:

Lady Isabelle Burton, Arabia, Egypt, India: A Narrative of Travel (1879).

J.L. Burckhardt Travels in Arabia, (1829).

Joseph Conrad, Typhoon and other Tales (1902).

Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe (1714).

George Windsor Earl, The Eastern Seas, or Voyages and Adventures in the Indian Archipelago in 1832-4 (1837).

Frederick Marryat, The Naval Officer (1829).

Alfred Russel Wallace, The Malay Archipelago (1869).

Robert Fitzroy, The Narrative of the ‘Beagle’ Voyage, 1831-6, edited by Katharine Anderson (2011).

Mark Twain, The Great Revolution in Pitcairn (1879) or Following the Equator: A Journey Around the World (1897).

Mizar Abu Taleb Khan, Travels in Asia, Africa and Europe during the years 1799 to 1803 (first published 1814, republished 1972).

Herman Melville, Typee: A Peep at Polynesian Life (1846); Moby Dick (1851).

Jehangeer Nowrojee and Hirjeebhoy Merwanjee, Journal of a residence of two years and a half in Great Britain (1841). Authors are Parsi naval engineers.

Fanny Parks, Wanderings of a Pilgrim in Search of the Picturesque (1850).

Robert Louis Stevenson, Treasure Island (1887).

G. L. Sullivan, Dhow chasing in Zanzibar waters and on the Eastern coast of Africa: narrative of five years suppression of the slave trade (1873).

H. G. Wells, The island of Doctor Moreau (1924).

Amitav Gosh, The Hungry Tide (2005); Glass Palace (2000).

PART A

THEMES, linked to core lectures

1. THEORETICAL VIEWS ON OCEANIC HISTORIES

a. What is attractive about the ocean as a framework for historical study?

b. What differences have appeared thus far in the writing of the histories of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans?

c. How far is oceanic history primarily defined by an environmental approach?

d. What characterises a world history of oceans?

*The American Historical Review 111.3 (2006). Forum on ‘Oceans of History’, Introduction by Karen Wigen and essays by Alison Games and Matt K Matsuda.

David Armitage, Alison Bashford and Sujit Sivasundaram eds., Oceanic Histories (2017).

Indian Ocean general reading:

*Markus P.M. Vink, ‘Indian Ocean Studies and the new thalassology’, in Journal of Global History (2007) 2, pp. 41–62.

Sugata Bose, ‘Space and Time on the Indian Ocean Rim: Theory and History’, in Leila Tarazi Fawaz and C.A. Bayly eds., Modernity & Culture: From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean (2002), pp. 365-388).

J. de V. Allen, ‘A Proposal for Indian Ocean Studies’, in Historical Relations across the Indian Ocean (1980), pp.137-151.

*Michael Pearson, ‘Littoral Society: The Concept and the Problems’, Journal of World History, 17.4 (2006).

Special issue, Journal of Social History (2011), ‘Marginal Centres: Writing Life histories in the Indian Ocean World’. Especially introduction.

Special issue, History Compass (2013), ‘Tracks and Trails: Indian Ocean Worlds as Method.’

Isabel Hofmeyr, ‘The Complicating Sea: The Indian Ocean as Method’, in Comparative Studies of South Asia, the Middle East and Africa (2012).

Sebastian Prange, ‘Scholars and the Sea: A Historiography of the Indian Ocean’, History Compass, 6 (2008), pp. 1382-93.

Anne Bang, ‘Reflections on the history of the Indian ocean’, Transforming Cultures eJournal (2009).

*Sujit Sivasundaram, ‘Indian Ocean’, in Armitage et al. eds., Oceanic Histories (2017), pp. 31-61.

Smiriti Srinivas, Bettina Ng'weno, Neelima Jeyachandran eds., Reimagining Indian Ocean Worlds (2020).

Isabel Hofmeyr and Charney Lavery, ‘Exploring the Indian Ocean as a rich archive of history – above and below the water line’, The Conversation (7 June 2020).

Pacific ocean general reading:

*Greg Dening, Islands and beaches: Discourses on a silent land, Marquesas 1774-1880 (1990).

*Warwick Anderson, Miranda Johnson and Barbara Brookes eds., Pacific Futures: Past and Present (2018).

*Epeli Hau’ofa, ‘Our Sea of Islands’, in Contemporary Pacific (1994).

Alison Bashford and David Armitage eds., Pacific Histories: Ocean, Land, People (2013).

Nicholas Thomas, Islanders: The Pacific in an Age of Empire (2010).

Brij Lal ed., Pacific islands history: journeys and transformations (1992).

Doug Munro ed., ‘Reflections on Pacific Island Historiography’, Special Issue, Journal of Pacific Studies 20 (1996).

*Damon Salesa, ‘The Pacific in Indigenous Time’, in Armitage and Bashford, (eds.) Pacific Histories: Ocean, Land, People (2014); also introduction by Armitage and Bashford.

*Chris Ballard, ‘Oceanic Historicities’, in Contemporary Pacific, 26 (2014), pp. 96-124.

*Margaret Jolly, ‘Imagining Oceania: Indigenous and Foreign Representations of a Sea of Islands’, in The Contemporary Pacific (2007).

Margaret Jolly et al. eds., Oceanic Encounters: Exchange, Desire, Violence (2009).

Atlantic ocean general reading:

*David Armitage, ‘Three Concepts of the Atlantic’, in David Armitage and Michael J. Braddick eds., The British Atlantic World, 1500-1800 (2009).

____, ‘The Atlantic Ocean’ in Armitage et al. eds., Oceanic Histories (2017).

*Bernard Bailyn, Atlantic History: Concepts and Contours (2005).

Joce C. Moya, ‘Modernization, Modernity, and the Transformation of the Atlantic World in the Nineteenth Century’ in Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra and Erik Seeman eds., The Atlantic in Global History, 1500-2000 (2007).

Mediterranean history:

Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (2vols., 1972-73).

David Abulafia, ‘What is the Mediterranean?’, in Abulafia ed., The Mediterranean in History (2003)

____, ‘Mediterraneans’ in W Harris ed., Rethinking the Mediterranean (2005).

____, The Great Sea (2012).

____, The Boundless Ocean (2019).

Cyprian Broodbank, The Making of the Middle Sea (2013).

Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell, The Corrupting Sea: A study of Mediterranean History (2000).

2. PACIFIC ISLANDERS AND HISTORIES OF NAVIGATION AND EXPLORATION AFTER 1750

a. How did Pacific islanders define the Pacific ocean before Europeans?

b. To what extent was there a meeting of traditions of navigation and exploration in the Pacific?

c. How did European voyagers come to terms with the accounts of the migration of islanders?

On Pacific islanders’ traditions of navigation:

*David Turnbull, Masons, Tricksters and Cartographers (2000). Chapter 4 on Pacific navigation.

*Nicholas Thomas, Islanders: The Pacific in an Age of Empire (2011)

David Turnbull, Mapping The World in the Mind: An Investigation of the Unwritten Knowledge of the Micronesian Navigators (1990).

D. Lewis, We, the Navigators: The Ancient Art of Landfinding in the Pacific, (2nd ed., 1994).

*Damon Salesa, ‘The Pacific in Indigenous Time’, in Armitage and Bashford eds. Pacific Histories: Ocean, Land, People (2014).

Warwick Anderson et. al. eds., Pacific Futures: Past and Present (2018).

Paul D'Arcy, People of the Sea: Environment, Identity and History in Oceania (2008).

Matthew Spriggs, ‘Oceanic Connections in Deep Time’, in PacifiCurrents: EJournal of Australian Association for the Advancement of Pacific Studies (2009), pp. 7-27.

K. R. Howe, Vaka Moana: Voyages of the Ancestors: The Discovery and Settlement of the Pacific (2007).

K.L. Nālani Wilson, ‘ Nā Wāhine Kanaka Maoli Holowa'a: Native Hawaiian Women Voyagers’, International Journal of Maritime History, 20 (2008), pp. 307-324.

R Standfield, Indigenous Mobilities: Across and Beyond the Antipodes (2018).

On European voyagers in the Pacific ocean after 1750:

Matt K. Matsuda, Empire of Love: Histories of France and the Pacific (2005).

John West-Sooby ed., Discovery and Empire: The French in the South Seas (2013).

*Nicholas Thomas, Islanders: The Pacific in an Age of Empire (2011).

Simon Werrett, ‘Russian Responses to the Voyages of Captain Cook’, in Glyndwr Williams ed., Captain Cook: Explorations and Reassessments (2000).

Ryan Tucker Jones, Empire of Extinction: Russians and the North Pacific’s Strange Beast of the Seas (2014).

John Gascoigne, Encountering the Pacific in the Age of Enlightenment (2014). *Bernard Smith, European Vision and the South Pacific 1768–1850: A Study in the

History of Art and Ideas (1969).

____, Imagining the Pacific: in the Wake of the Cook Voyages (1992).

Glyndwr Williams, ‘Pacific: Exploitation and Exploration’ in P.J. Marshall ed., Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol.2 (1998).

*Greg Dening, Mr. Bligh's Bad Language: Passion, Power and Theatre on the Bounty (1994).

Paul Carter, The Road to Botany Bay (1987).

European views of Pacific migration and race:

*B. Douglas and C. Ballard eds., Foreign Bodies: Oceania and the Science of Race 1750–1940 (2008). Especially chapters 3 and 6.

Jane Samson, ‘Ethnology and Theology: Nineteenth-Century Mission Dilemmas in the South Pacific’, in Brian Stanley ed., Christian Missions and the Enlightenment (2001), pp. 99-122.

Sujit Sivasundaram, ‘Ideas of the ‘Native’ in the Rise of British imperial heritage’, in Peter Mandler and Astrid Swenson eds., From Plunder to Preservation: Britain and the Heritage of Empire. c.1800-1940 (2013).

On the meeting of epistemologies ‘across the beach’:

*Anne Salmond, 'Tute: The Impact of Polynesia on Captain Cook', in G. Williams ed., Captain Cook: Explorations and Reassessments (2004), pp. 77–93.

*Gananath Obeyesekere, ‘British Cannibals’: Contemplation of an Event in the Death and Resurrection of James Cook, Explorer.’ Critical Inquiry 18, pp. 630-55.

Marshall Sahlins, 'Cosmologies of capitalism: the trans-Pacific sector of the world system', Proceedings of the British Academy 74 (1988), pp. 1-51. Online at www.proc.britac.ac.uk

A. Salmond, The Trial of the Cannibal Dog: The Remarkable Story of Captain Cook’s Encounters in the South Seas (2003).

Bronwen Douglas, ‘Voyages, Encounters, and Agency in Oceania: Captain Cook and Indigenous People’, in History Compass, Vol. 6 (2008); or ‘In the Event: Indigenous Countersigns and Ethnohistory of Voyaging’, in Margaret Jolly, Serge Tcherkezoff, Darrell Tyron eds., Oceanic Encounters: Exchange, Desire, Violence (2009).

____, ‘Naming places: Voyagers, toponyms, and local presence in the fifth part of the world, 1500-1700’, Journal of Historical Geography, 45 (2014), pp. 12-24.

L. Russell, 'The singular transcultural space': Networks of ships, mariners, voyagers and 'native' men at sea, 1790-1870’, in Jane Carey and Jane Lydon eds., Indigenous Networks: Mobility, Connections and Exchange (2014), pp. 97-113.

3. THE TRADING WORLD OF THE INDIAN OCEAN BEFORE AND AFTER 1800

Which groups dominated the trade of the Indian Ocean world until 1800 and how far was this domination changed by 1850?

General overviews:

K. N. Chaudhuri, Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750 (1985).

____, Asia before Europe: Economy and Civilisation of the Indian Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750 (1990).

*Prasannan Parthasarathi, Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia did not: Global economic divergence 1600-1850 (2011). Read with Prasannan Parthasarathi and Giorgio Riello, ‘The Indian Ocean in the Long Eighteenth Century’, in Eighteenth Century Studies (2014).

*Tom Metcalf, Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, 1860-1920 (2007).

*Sugata Bose, A hundred horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire (2006).

M.N. Pearson, The Indian Ocean, 1500-1800 (2003).

*Pedro Machado, Ocean of Trade: South Asian Merchants, Africa and the Indian Ocean (2014).

A. Das Gupta, The World of the Indian Ocean Merchant, 1500–1800: Collected Essays of Ashin Das Gupta (2001).

A. Das Gupta and M.N. Pearson eds., India and the Indian Ocean (1987). In particular essay by Das Gupta on maritime trade of Indonesia.

Claude Markovits, The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750-1947, Traders from Sind from Bukhara to Panama (2000).

*E. Tagliocozzo, ‘Trade, Production, and Incorporation: The Indian Ocean in Flux, 1600-1900’, in Itinerario (2002).

Mark Frost, ‘Emporium in imperio: Nanyang networks and the Straits Chinese in Singapore, 1819-1914’, in Journal of South East Asian Studies (2005).

Raja Kanta Ray, ‘Asian capital in the age of European expansion: The rise of the bazaar, 1800-1914’, Modern Asian Studies, 29.3 (1995), pp. 449-554.

Om Prakash and D. Lombard eds., Commerce and Culture in the Bay of Bengal 1500-1800 (1999).

Om Prakash, European Commercial Enterprise in pre-colonial India (1998).

Jos Gommans, ‘Trade and Civilisation around the Bay of Bengal, 1650-1800’, in Itinerario (1995).

*Special issue of South Asia (1996), ‘Asia and Europe: Commerce, Colonialism and Culture: essays in honour of Sinnapah Arasaratnam’. In particular essay by Anthony Reid and Radin Fernando.

Janet J. Ewald, ‘Crossers of the Sea: Slaves, Freedmen and other migrants in the north-west Indian ocean, c.1750-1914’, in American Historical Review (2000).

Sanjay Subrahmanyam ed., Merchant networks in the early modern world (1996).

John Middleton, A History of Swahili, an African mercantile civilisation (1992).

Niels Steensgaard, ‘The Indian Ocean network and the emerging world economy c.1500-1750’ in Satish Chandra eds., The Indian Ocean: Explorations in History, Commerce and Politics (1987).

E. A. Alpers and H P Ray eds., Cross-Currents and Community Networks: The History of the Indian Ocean World (2007).

Ashin Das Gupta, Malabar in Asian Trade, 1740-1800 (1967).

Christine Dobbin, Asian entrepreneurial minorities: Conjoint communities in the making of the World-Economy, 1570-1940 (1996).

F.A. Bishra, A Sea of Debt: Law and Economic Life in the Western Indian Ocean, 1780-1850 (2017).

Johan Mathew, Trafficking and Capitalism Across the Arabian Sea (2016).

4. THE UTOPIAN ISLAND

a. Why was the island a ground of intensive cultural encounter in c.1760-1840?

b. How was the island mythologised and imagined, and did this representation change after 1840?

c. How was the Pacific imagined in the Cook voyages?

Theoretical work on tropicality and utopianism:

Srinivas Aravamudan, Tropicopolitans: Colonialism and Agency, 1688-1804 (1999). Chapter 2 especially.

Michael D. Gordin, Hellen Tilley and Gyan Prakash, Utopia/Dystopia: Conditions of Historical Possibility (2010).

Traditions of travel c.1760-1840: the picturesque, romanticism, utopianism

Tim Fulford et al. eds., Literature, Science and Exploration in the Romantic Era (2004).

Felix Driver and Luciana Martins eds., Tropical Visions in an Age of Empire (2005). Esp. Ch. 5 by Peter Hulme and also chapter by Leonard Bell, ‘Eyeing Samoa.’

Elizabeth Pratt, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (1992).

Nigel Leask, Curiosity and the Aesthetics of Travel Writing, 1770-1840 (2002).

David Arnold, The Tropics and the Traveling Gaze: India, Landscape and Science, 1800-1856 (2006).

Islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans and Britain as an island

Anne Salmond, Aphrodite’s Island: The European Discovery of Tahiti (2010)

Harry Liebersohn, The Travelers World: Europe to the Pacific (2006).

Rod Edmond, ‘Abject Bodies/abject sites: Leper islands in the high imperial era,’ in Rod Edmond and Vanessa Smith eds., Islands in History and Representation (2006), pp. 133-145. See other chapters in this book.

Richard Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism (1995).

Pamila Gupta, ‘Islandedness in the Indian Ocean’, in Michael Pearson, Isobel Hofmeyr and Pamila Gupta eds., Eyes across the Water (2010).

Roxani Margariti, ‘An Ocean of Islands, Insularity and Historiography of the Indian Ocean’, in Miller ed., The Sea: Thalassography and Historiography (2013).

Sujit Sivasundaram, Islanded: Britain, Sri Lanka and the Bounds of an Indian Ocean Colony (2013).

____, ‘Science’ in Armitage and Bashford eds. Pacific Histories (2014).

Lauren Benton, A Search for Sovereignty (2010). Sections on islands.

Captain Cook in the Pacific:

Captain James Cook The Journals of Captain Cook, abridged edition, Penguin Classics (2003).

Johann Reinhold Forster, Observations made during a voyage round the world, N. Thomas, H. Guest, M. Dettelbach eds., (1996).

Nicholas Thomas Discoveries: the voyages of Captain Cook (2003).

Gananath Obeyesekere, ‘British Cannibals’: Contemplation of an Event in the Death and Resurrection of James Cook, Explorer’, in Critical Inquiry (1992).

B. Douglas, ‘Voyages, Encounters and Agency: Captain Cook in Oceania’, in History Compass (2008).

Vanessa Smith, Intimate Strangers: Friendship, Exchange and Pacific Encounters (2010).

Anne Salmond, Two Worlds: First Meetings between Maori and Europeans (1991).

____, Trial of the Cannibal Dog: The remarkable story of Captain Cook’s encounters in the South Seas (2008).

Bernard Smith, European Vision and the South Pacific (1985).

Glyndwr Williams eds., Captain Cook: Exploration and Reassessments (2004).

Kate Fullagar, The Atlantic World in the Antipodes: Effects and Transformations since the Eighteenth Century (2012).

John Gascoigne, Encountering the Pacific in the Age of Enlightenment (2014).

Maria Nugent, Captain Cook was Here (2009).

Comparative Atlantic material and Britain as island:

Kathleen Wilson, The Island Race; Englishness, Empire and Gender in the Eighteenth Century (2003).

John Gillis, ‘Islands in the Making of an Atlantic Oceania, 1500-1800’, in Jerry Bentley,

Renate Bridenthal, and Kären Wigen eds., Seascapes: Maritime Histories, Littoral Cultures and Transoceanic Exchanges (2007). See also Karen Wigen’s introduction to this volume.

Peter Hulme, Remnants of Conquest: The Island Caribs and Their Visitors, 1877-1998 (2000).

5. THE OCEANIC AGE OF REVOLUTIONS

a. What does it mean to speak of an age of revolutions in the Indian and Pacific oceans? b. Was the legacy of the age of revolutions in these seas: authority or liberty, enlightenment or parochialism?

*David Armitage and Sanjay Subrahmanyam eds., The Age of Revolutions in Global Context, c.1760-1840 (2010).

*Sujit Sivasundaram, Waves Across the South: A New History of Revolution and Empire (2020).

The global age of revolutions:

C.A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World: 1780-1914 (2004). Chapter 3.

John Darwin, After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empire (2007). Chapter 4. Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of a Modern World Economy (2000).

Nicholas Guyatt and Jane Rendall eds., War, Empire and Slavery, 1770-1830 (2011). Especially chapter by Bayly.

V. T. Harlow, The Founding of the Second British Empire, 1763-1793 (2 vols. 1952-3).

P. Linebaugh and M. Rediker, The many-headed hydra: sailors, slaves, commoners and the hidden history of the revolutionary Atlantic. (2000). For comparison.

Manuel Barcia, The Great African Slave Revolt of 1825 (2012).

Pacific and Indian ocean histories:

Richard B. Allen, ‘Creating Undiminished Confidence: Free Population of Color and Identity Formation in Mauritius, 1767-1835’, in Slavery And Abolition (2011).

*Mike McDonnel and Kate Fullagar eds., Facing Empire: Indigenous Experiences in a Revolutionary Era (2018). Especially chapters 4, 5, 7, and 8.

Adrian Carton, ‘Shades of Fraternity: Creolization and the Making of Citizenship in French India, 1790-1792’, in French Historical Studies (2008).

Special Issue in International Review of Social History (2013) on ‘Mutiny and Maritime Radicalism in the Age of Revolution.’ Chapters 4, 6, 8, 9 and 11.

Alan Frost, The Global Reach of Empire: Britain’s Maritime Expansion in the Indian and Pacific Oceans (2003).

Kate Brittlebank, ‘Curiosities, conspicuous piety and the maker of time’, in South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies (2007).

P.J. Marshall, The Making and Unmaking of Empires (2005).

M.C. Ricklefs, Mystic Synthesis in Java: A History of Islamization from the fourteenth to the early nineteenth centuries (2006).

Peter Carey, The Power of Prophecy: Prince Dipanagara and the end of an Old Order in Java, 1785-1830 (1989).

Maya Jasanoff, Edge of Empire: Lives, Culture and Conquest in the East, 1750-1850 (2006).

Lynn Hunt et. al. eds. French Revolution in Global Perspective, (2013). Introduction.

6. PIRACY AND LEGALITY IN THE INDIAN AND PACIFIC OCEANS

a. Who counted as a ‘pirate’ in the Indian ocean and why?

b. Which description best serves the status of mutineers and beachcombers in the island world of the Pacific: nativised interlopers or colonial brokers?

c. How did the exercise of the law create zones of control in the Indian and Pacific oceans?

Piracy in the Indian Ocean:

J.L. Anderson, ‘Piracy and World History: An Economic Perspective on Maritime Predation’, in Journal of World History, 6.2 (1995), pp. 175-199.

Simon Layton, ‘Discourses of Piracy in an Age of Revolution’, in Itinerario, 25 (2011).

____, ‘Hydras and Leviathans in the Indian ocean world’, in International Journal of Maritime History (2013).

Nicholas Tarling, Piracy and politics in the Malay World: A study of British imperialism in the Nineteenth Century (1963).

Eric Tagliacozzo, Secret Trades, Porous Borders: Smuggling and states along a Southeast Asian Frontier, 1865-1915 (2005).

James Francis Warren, The Sulu Zone 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State (1981).

Muhammad al-Qasimi,. The Myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf. (1988).

Charles E. Davies, The Blood Red Arab Flag: An Investigation into Qasimi Piracy 1797-1820 (1997).

Carl Trocki, Prince of pirates: the Temenggongs and the development of Johor (2007).

Joseph N.F.M. à Campo, ‘Discourse without Discussion: Representations of Piracy in Colonial Indonesia 1816-25,’ Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 34.2 (2003), pp. 199-214.

Ota Atsushi, ‘Pirates or Entrepreneurs? Migration and Trade of Sea People in Southwest Kalimantan, c. 1770-1820,’ Indonesia 90 (2010), pp. 67-96.

Anne Pérotin-Dumon, ‘The Pirate and the Emperor, Power and the Law on the Seas, 1450-1850,’ in James D. Tracy ed., The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade 1350-1750 (1991), pp. 196-227.

Marcus Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700-1750 (1987).

L. Subramanian, ‘Of Pirates and Potentates: Maritime Jurisdiction and the Construction of Piracy in the Indian Ocean,’ in UTS Review: The Indian Ocean 6, no. 2, ed. Devleen Ghosh and Stephen Muecke (2000), pp. 14-23.

L. Subramanian, The Sovereign and the Pirate: Ordering Maritime Subjects in India’s Western Littoral (2016).

Legality and Legal regimes

*Lauren Benton, ‘Legal Spaces of Empire: Piracy and the Origins of Ocean Regionalism,’ Comparative Studies in Society and History 47, no. 4 (2005), pp. 700-24.

____, Search for Sovereignty: Law and Geography in European Empires, 1400-1900 (2010).

____, Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History,1400-1900 (2002).

L. Benton and L. Ford eds., Rage for Order: The British Empire and the Origins of International Law, 1800-1850 (2016).

J. Kelly, ‘Gaze and Grasp: Plantations, Desires, Indentured Indians and Colonial Law in Fiji,’ in Lenore Manderson and Margaret Jolly eds., Sites of Desire, Economies of Pleasure: Sexualities in Asia and the Pacific (1997), pp. 72-98.

Charlotte Macdonald, ‘Crime and punishment in New Zealand, 1840-1915,’ New Zealand Journal of History, XXIII (1989), pp. 5-21.

P. Howell, 'Prostitution and the place of empire: regulation and repeal in Hong Kong and the British imperial network', in Lindsay J. Proudfoot and Michael M. Roche eds., (Dis)placing Empire: Renegotiating British Colonial Geographies (2005), pp.175-197.

Elizabeth Kolsky, Colonial Justice in British India: White Violence and the Rule of Law

(2009).

Lisa Ford, ‘Law’, in Armitage and Bashford eds., Pacific Histories (2014).

____, Settler Sovereignty: Jurisdiction and Indigenous People in America and Australia, 1788-1836 (2010).

Tracy Banivanua Mar, ‘Frontier Space and the Reification of the Rule of Law: Colonial Negotiation in the Western Pacific, 1870-74’, Australian Feminist Law Journal (2009).

F.A. Bishra, ‘‘No country but the ocean’: Reading International Law from the Deck of an Indian Ocean Dhow, c1900’, in Comparative Studies in Society and History (2018).

Beachcombers, buccaneers and Europeans ‘gone native’

Glyndwr Williams, Buccaneers, Explorers and Settlers: British enterprise and encounters in the Pacific, 1670-1800 (2005).

H.E. Maude, ‘Beachcombers and Castaways’, in Journal of Polynesian Society (1964).

Nicholas Thomas, Islanders: The Pacific in an Age of Empire (2011).

Greg Dening, Mr. Bligh’s Bad language: Passion, power and theatre on the Bounty (1992).

Susanne Williams Milcairns, Native Strangers: beachcombers, renegades and castaways in the South Seas (2006).

Vanessa Smith, Literary culture and the South Pacific: nineteenth-century textual encounters (1989).

Rod Edmond, Representing the South Pacific: Colonial Discourse from Cook to Gauguin (1997).

Michael Ellary, ‘Crossing the Beach: A Victorian Tale Adrift in the Pacific’ in Victorian Studies (2005).

Richard Ewes, ‘Going Troppo: Images of White Savagery, Degeneration and Race in Turn of the Century Colonial Fictions of the Pacific’, in History and Anthropology (1999), pp. 351-385.

Alex Calder, ‘The Temptations of William Pascoe Crook: An Experience of Cultural Difference in the Marquesas, 1796-98’, in Journal of Pacific History, 31 (1996), pp. 144-161.

I.C. Campbell, ‘Gone Native’ in Polynesia: Captivity Narratives and Experiences from the South Pacific (1998).

Angela Wanhalla, In/visible sight: The mixed descent families of Southern New Zealand (2013).

L. Russell, Roving Mariners: Australian Aboriginal Whalers and Sealers in the Southern Oceans, 1790-1870 (2012).

7. ANGLO-FRENCH RIVALRIES IN THE PACIFIC AND INDIAN OCEANS

a. If Britain dominated the Indian Ocean World by 1815, how did France begin a new programme of colonisation in the later nineteenth century?

a. How did Anglo-French rivalries accelerate the formal colonisation of the Pacific islands?

b. What was the difference between French and British modes of engagement with the Pacific in the latter half of the nineteenth century?

The Indian Ocean

David Armitage and Sanjay Subrahmanyam eds., The Age of Revolutions in Global Context, c.1760-1840 (2010).

C. A. Bayly, Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World (1989); see also David Todd, ‘A French Imperial Meridian’, in Past and Present (2011).

Maya Jasanoff, Edge of Empire: Lives, Culture and Conquest in the East, 1750-1850 (2005).

Alan Frost, The Global Reach of Empire: Britain’s Maritime Expansion in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, 1764-1815 (2003).

R. Aldrich, Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion (1996).

Nicola Cooper, France in Indochina: Colonial Encounters (2000).

S. Bayly, ‘French Anthropology and the Durkheimians in Colonial Indochina’, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 34, No. 3 (2000), pp. 581-622.

The Pacific

Jane Samson, Imperial Benevolence: Making British Authority in the Pacific Islands (1998).

Robert Aldrich, The French Presence in the South Pacific, 1842-1940 (1990).

Matt Matsuda, Pacific Worlds (2012).

Nicholas Thomas, Islanders: The Pacific in an Age of Empire (2011).

John West-Sooby ed., Discovery and Empire: The French in the South Seas (2013).

Jane Samson ed., British Imperial Strategies in the Pacific 1750-1900 (2003).

Fracois Peron, French Designs on Colonial New South Wales (2014). Introduction.

John Connell, New Caledonia or Kanaky? The Political History of a French Colony (1987).

Donald Denoon, The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders (1997).

W. P. Morrell, Britain in the Pacific Islands (1960).

Matt K. Matsuda, Empire of Love: Histories of France and the Pacific (2005).

A.Foucrier ed., The French and the Pacific world, 17th-19th centuries: explorations, migrations and cultural exchanges (2005).

J. D. Legge, Britain in Fiji, 1858-1880 (1958).

Nic Maclellan and Jean Chesneaux, After Moruroa: France in the South Pacific (1998).

Martyn Lyons, The Totem and the Tricolour: A Short History of New Caledonia since 1774 (1986).

Colin Newbury, Tahiti Nui: Change and Survival in French Polynesia, 1767–1945 (1980).

R. Aldrich and Isabelle Merle eds., France Abroad: Indochina, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna (1997).

Dorothy Shineburg, They Came for Sandalwood: A Study of the Sandalwood Trade in the

South-West Pacific, 1830-1865 (1967).

S. Firth. New Guinea under the Germans (1983).

8. THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY DUTCH EMPIRE STRADDLING OCEANS

How far did the Dutch empire retain its status as a maritime empire in the nineteenth century?

F. Gaastra, The Dutch East India Company: Expansion and Decline (2003).

J. van Goor eds., Prelude to colonialism: The Dutch in Asia (2004).

Nigel Worden eds., Contingent Lives: Social Identity and Material Culture in the VOC World (2007).

N. Tarling ed., The Cambridge History of South-East Asia, Vol.2 (1992).

K. Ward, Networks of Empire: Forced Migration in the Dutch East India Company (2009).

J.H. Bentley, R. Bridenthal and K. Wigen eds., Seascapes: Maritime histories, littoral cultures and trans-oceanic exchanges (2007). Chapters by Gaynor and Ward.

Eric Tagliocozzo, ‘Hydrography, technology, coercion: Mapping the sea in South-east Asian imperialism, 1850-1900’, in Rigby, Lincoln, Killingray eds., Maritime empires (2004).

____, ‘Kettle on a slow boil: Batavia’s threat perception in the Indies’ Outer islands, 1870-1910’, in Journal of South-east Asian Studies (2000).

P. Carey, The Power of Prophecy: Prince Dipanagara and the end of an Old order in Java, 1785-1855 (2007).

L. Blusse, Visible Cities: Canton, Nagasaki and Batavia and the Coming of the Americans (2008).

R. Betts and R. Ross eds., Colonial Cities: Essays on Urbanism in a Colonial Context (1985). Essays by Blusse on Batavia and Ross on Cape Town.

N.H. Schulte, The Spell of Power: A History of Balinese Politics, 1650-1940 (1996).

A. Schrikker, Dutch and British Colonial Intervention in Sri Lanka, 1780-1815 (2007).

A. Singh, Fort Cochin in Kerala, 1750-1830: The Social Conditions of a Dutch Community in an Indian Milieu (2010).

R. Ross, Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, A Tragedy of Manners (1999).

U. Bosma and R. Raben, Being Dutch in the Indies: A history of creolisation and empire (2008).

J.G. Taylor, The Social World of Batavia: Europeans and Eurasians in Colonial Indonesia (2009).

L. Blusse, W. Remmelink, and I. Smits eds., Bridging the Divide: 400 years of Netherlands-Japan (2000).

N. Tarling, Anglo-Dutch rivalry in the Malay World 1780-1824 (1962).

J. van Lohuizen, The Dutch East India Company and Mysore 1762-1790 (1961).

Catie Antunes and Jos Gommans eds., Exploring the Dutch Empire: Agents Networks and

Institutions, 1600-2000 (2015).

9. ‘SLAVERY’ IN THE INDIAN AND PACIFIC OCEANS

a. How far did unfree labour continue -- and even come to a new peak -- in the nineteenth-century Indian and Pacific oceans?

b. What were the main types of ‘slavery’ practiced in the Indian and Pacific Oceans in this era?

Pacific islanders as indentured labourers

Tracey Banivanua-Mar, Violence and Colonial Dialogue: The Australian-

Pacific Indentured Labour Trade (2007).

H.E. Maude, Slavers in Paradise: The Peruvian Labor Trade in Polynesia 1862-1864

(1981).

Peter Corris, Passage, Port and Plantation: A History of Solomon Islands Labour Migration

1870-1914 (1973).

D. Munro, ‘The Labor Trade in Melanesians to Queensland’, Journal of Social

History, (1995).

A. Curthoys, ‘Working for the white people: An historiographical essay on aboriginal

and Torres Strait islander labor’, Labour History (1995).

O.W. Parnaby, Britain and the Labour Trade in the Southwest Pacific (1964).

J. Siegel, ‘Origins of Pacific Islands Labourers in Fiji’, Journal of Pacific History (1985). J. Harris and W. Harris, ‘The struggle against Pacific island labour’, Labour History,

(1968).

L. Russell, ‘Procuring passage: Southern Australian aboriginal women and the early

maritime industry of sealing’, in Carol Williams ed., Indigenous Women and Work: From Labor to Activism (2012), pp. 60-72.

Indian Ocean slavery

Gwyn Campbell, ‘Introduction: Slavery and other forms of unfree labour in the Indian Ocean World’, in Slavery and Abolition, 24.2 (2003), pp.ix-xxxii.

Matthew S. Hopper, Slaves of One Master: Globalization and Slavery in Arabia in the Age of Empire (2015).

Marina Carter, ‘Slavery and unfree labor in the Indian Ocean’, History Compass (2006).

____, Servants, sirdars and settlers: Indians in Maurities, 1834-1874 (1995).

Patrick Manning, ‘The Slave Trade: A Formal Demography of a Global System’ Social Science History (1990).

Nigel Worden, ‘Indian Ocean Slaves in Cape Town, 1695-1807’, in Journal of Southern African Studies, 42 (2016), pp. 1695-807.

Megan Vaughan, ‘Slavery and Colonial Identity in Eighteenth-century Mauritius’ in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (1998).

Patrick Harries, ‘Slavery, indenture and Migrant labour: Maritime immigration from Mozambique to the Cape, c.1780-1880’, in African Studies (2014).

Megan Vaughan, Creating the Creole Island (2005).

Janet J. Ewald, ‘Crossers of the Sea: Slaves, Freedmen and other migrants in the northwestern Indian Ocean’, in American Historical Review (2000).

J. Watson ed., Asian and African Systems of Slavery (1980).

Richard B. Allen, Slaves, Freedmen and Indentured Labourers in Colonial Mauritius (1999).

Edward A. Alpers, ‘Flight to Freedom: Escape from Slavery among bonded Africans in the Indian Ocean World c.1750-1962’, in Slavery and Abolition, 24.2 (2003).

Edward Alpers and H.P. Ray, Cross currents and community networks: The history of the Indian Ocean World (2007).

Pedro Machado, ‘A Forgotten Corner of the Western Indian Ocean: Gujarati Merchants, Portuguese India and the Mozambique Slave Trade, c.1730-1830,’ in Gwyn Campbell ed., The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia (2004).

Richard B. Allen, ‘The Mascarene Slave-Trade and Labour Migration in the Indian Ocean during the 18th and 19thC’, Slavery and Abolition, 24.2 (2003).

____, ‘Licentious and Unbridled Proceedings: The illegal slave trade to Mauritius and the Seychells during the nineteenth century’, Journal of African History (2001).

William Gervase Clarence-Smith ed., The Economics of the Indian Ocean slave trade in the nineteenth-century (1989).

Indentured labour in the Indian and Pacific Oceans and beyond

Brij Lal, ‘Kunti’s Cry: Indentured women on Fiji’s plantations’, Indian Economic and Social History Review (1985).

John D. Kelly, ‘Coolie’ as a Labour Commodity: race, Sex and European dignity in colonial Fiji’ in Journal of Peasant Studies, 19.3 (1992).

Carol A. Trocki, Opium and Empire: Chinese society in colonial Singapore 1800-1910 (1992).

James Warren, Ricksham Coolie: A people’s history of Singapore (1986).

Marina Carter, ‘The transition from slave to indentured labour in Mauritius’, in Slavery and Abolition (1993).

____, Voices from Indenture (1996).

D. Northrup, Indentured labour in the age of imperialism 1834-1922 (1995).

Hugh Tinker, A new system of slavery: The export of Indian labor overseas 1830-1920 (1974).

Madhavi Kale, Fragments of empire: Capital, Slavery and Indian indentured labor migration to the British Caribbean (1998).

Clare Anderson, ‘Convicts and Coolies: Rethinking Indentured Labour in the Nineteenth Century’, in Slavery and Abolition (2009).

Brij Lal, ‘Approaches to the study of Indian indentured labour with special reference to Fiji,’ in The Journal of Pacific History, 15.1 (1980).

____, ‘Understanding the Indian indenture experience’, in South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 21.1 (1998), pp. 215-237.

M. Carter, ‘Indian Indentured Migration and the Forced Labour Debate’, Itinerario, 21 (1997).

Adam McKeown, Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change, 1900-1936 (2001).

Sunil Amrith, Crossing the Bay of Bengal (2013). See also the recent work represented at this website: http://www.coolitude.shca.ed.ac.uk.

10. CONNECTIVITY IN MID-NINEENTEENTH CENTURY REBELLIONS

AND WARS AT THE OCEAN RIM

a. ‘An opening for the extension of colonialism and the colonial state in particular.’

Discuss this view of mid-nineteenth rebellions and wars at the rim of the Indian and Pacific oceans.

b. What was the connection – if any – between rebellions and wars at the edge of the Pacific and Indian oceans?

C. A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World (2004). Chapter 4.

J. Glassman, Feasts and Riot: Revelry, Rebellion and Popular Consciousness on the Swahili Coast 1856-1888 (1995).

The Java War, 1825-30

Peter Carey, ‘Waiting for the ratu adil: the Javanese community on the eve of the Java War’ in Modern Asian Studies (1986).

____, ‘Changing Javanese perceptions of the Chinese communities in Central Java, 1755-1825’, in Indonesia (1984).

____, The Power of Prophecy: Prince Dipanagara and the end of an Old Order in Java, 1785-1830 (1989).

C. A. Bayly, ‘Two colonial revolts: The Java War and the Indian Revolt of 1857’ in C.A. Bayly and D.H.A. Kolff eds., Two Colonial Empires (1986).

The New Zealand Wars, 1845-72

*James Belich, The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict (1990).

Judith Binney, Stories without end (2010).

*Tony Ballantyne, Webs of Empire: Locating New Zealand’s Colonial Past (2012). Chapters on ‘War, knowledge and the crisis of empire’ and ‘Sealers, Whalers and the Entanglement of Empire’.

P.M. Smith, A concise history of New Zealand (2005). Chapter 5

T. Ryan, The colonial New Zealand Wars (2002).

J. Cowan, The New Zealand Wars (2 vols, 1922).

The Ceylon Rebellion of 1848 and other uprisings in 1848

Miles Taylor, ‘The 1848 rebellions in the British Empire’, Past and Present (2000).

Sujit Sivasundaram, Islanded: Britain, Sri Lanka and the Bounds of an Indian Ocean Colony (2013).

K. M. De Silva ed., Letters on Ceylon, 1846-50: The Administration of Viscount Torrington and the ‘rebellion’ of 1848 (1965).

Taiping Rebellion

J. Spence, The Search for Modern China (1991).

Philip Kuhn and Susan Mann-Jones, 'Dynastic decline and the roots of rebellion,' in Fairbank ed., Cambridge History of China, vol. 10 (1978), pp. 107-62.

R. Wagner, Reenacting the heavenly vision: The role of religion in the Taiping Rebellion (1982).

R. Smith, Mercenaries and Mandarins: The Ever Victorious Army of Nineteenth-century China (1978).

Jen Yu-wen The Taiping Revolutionary Movement (1973).

Franz Michael and Chang Chung-li, The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents (1966-1971, 3 vols).

The global/regional history of the Indian rebellion of 1857-8

C.A. Bayly, Empire and Information: Intelligence gathering and social communication in India, 1780-1870 (1996).

Marina Carter and Crispin Bates, ‘Empire and locality: A Global Dimension of the 1857 Indian Uprising’, in Journal of Global History (2010).

Marina Carter and Crispin Bates eds., Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857: Volume 3, Global Perspectives (2013).

Eric Stokes, The Peasant and the Raj (1980).

Thomas Metcalf, The Aftermath of the Revolt: India, 1857-1870 (1965).

Clare Anderson, Subaltern Lives (2012).