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磺胺类药物水环境行为及水生生物毒性研究进展

花匠小妙招
2026-02-17 14:10

摘要:

磺胺类药物（SAs）在水环境中普遍存在，大部分SAs以母体分子或代谢产物形式排放到环境中，地表水、地下水、海水甚至饮用水中都能检测到低浓度的SAs。因SAs排放量大、环境假性持久性强等特点，其对水生态环境和人类健康构成潜在风险。针对SAs在水环境中的归趋问题，总结了SAs在水环境中吸附、迁移、转化、降解、生物富集等典型行为规律，进一步分析SAs对水生植物、水生动物及水生微生物产生的毒性效应。结果表明：SAs在水环境中行为的研究多集中在环境介质表面的吸附特性与规律，而对SAs依赖水动力条件的迁移转化和生物富集规律研究较少；SAs在环境介质表面的吸附主要以阳离子交换和分子结合的形式发生，吸附质表面的电荷密度是决定吸附量的重要因素；SAs在水环境中广泛存在，虽然浓度水平较低，但对水生生物造成的负面影响会产生潜在的生态风险，主要表现为干预水生植物的生长发育过程，造成水生动物的特征性畸形，干扰水中微生物的群落结构与功能，最终会对整个水环境及其循环造成宏观的影响。未来应加强SAs在水环境中衰减过程的浓度和贡献率研究以及对水生生物毒性标准化测试，以期深入研究SAs生态毒理学、解决SAs污染问题。

Abstract:

Sulfonamides (SAs) are commonly found in aquatic environment, and most of them are released into the environment in the form of parent molecules or metabolites. Low concentrations of SAs can be detected in surface water, groundwater, seawater, and even drinking water, and they pose potential risks to the aquatic eco-environment and human health due to their high emissions and strong pseudo persistence in the environment. Focusing on the fate of SAs in the aquatic environment, the typical behavioral patterns of SAs in adsorption, migration, transformation, degradation and bioconcentration in the aquatic environment were summarized. Moreover, an analysis was conducted on the toxic effects of SAs on aquatic plants, aquatic animals and aquatic microorganisms. The results showed that studies on the behavior of SAs in the aqueous environment had mostly focused on its adsorption characteristics and patterns on the surface of environmental media. However, there were fewer studies on the transport transformation and bioconcentration patterns of SAs under hydrodynamic conditions. Previous studies revealed that the adsorption of SAs on the surface of environmental media mainly occurred in the form of cation exchange and molecular binding, and the charge density of the adsorbent surface was an important factor determining the adsorption amount. SAs existed widely in the aquatic environment. Although the concentration level of SAs was low, the negative impact on aquatic organisms would produce potential ecological risks, mainly manifested as interfering with the growth and development process of aquatic plants, causing the characteristic deformities of aquatic animals, interfering with the community structure and function of aquatic microorganisms, and ultimately causing macro impacts on the entire water environment and its circulation. In the future, the study on the concentration and contribution rate of SAs attenuation process in water environment and the standardized toxicity test of aquatic organisms should be strengthened, so as to further study SAs ecotoxicology and solve SAs pollution problem.

图 1 SAs的结构通式

Figure 1. General structural formula of SAs

图 2 SAs在水环境中的行为

Figure 2. Behavior of SAs in aquatic environment

图 3 磺胺类药物的水生生物毒性

Figure 3. Aquatic toxicity of sulphonamides

表 1 10种抗生素的化学结构、衰减速率常数(k)、半衰期(t1/2)和相关系数(R2)

Table 1 Chemical structures, decay rate constants (k), half-lives (t1/2) and correlation coefficients of 10 antibiotics

抗生素化学式化学结构 k/d−1 t1/2/d R2 磺胺嘧啶[37]C10H10N4O2S

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