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植物学(Botany)形态解剖学名词

花匠小妙招
2024-11-10 00:08

1、植物学形态解剖名词：植物学(Botany)植物形态学(Plant morphology) 植物解剖学(pla nt an atomy) 原生质体(protoplast) 细胞壁(cell wall) 显微结构(microscopic structure) 亚显微结构(submicroscopic structure 超微结构(ultramicroscopic structure) 质体(Plastid) 叶绿体(chloroplast) 类囊体(thylakoid) 基粒(granum)基粒间膜(基质片层，fret)基质(stroma 或 matrix) 有色体(或称杂色体，chromopla

2、st) 白色体(leucoplas) 造油体(elaioplast) 前质体(proplastid)液泡(vacuole) 液泡膜(ton oplast) 细胞液(cell sap)纹孔(pit)胞间连丝(plasmodesmata 后含物(ergastic substance 淀粉粒(starch grain) 淀粉体(amylop1as) 脐点(hilum)拟晶体(crystalloid )糊粉粒(aleuronegrain)糊粉层(aleurone laye)胞质分裂(Cytokinesis)成膜体(phragmoplas)细胞板(cellplate)微管周期(microtubule c

3、ycle)细胞分化(cell differentiation)反分化(或脱分化 dedifferentiation)组织(tissue)分生组织(meristematic tissue或 meristem)顶端分生组织(apical meristem)侧生分生组织(lateral meristem)居间分生组织(intercalarymeristem)形成层(cambium)木栓形成层(cork cambium 或 phellogen) 原分生组织(promeri-stem)初生分生组织(primary meristem)次生分生组织(secondary meristem保护组织(protec

4、tive tissue薄壁组织(parenchyma机械组织(mechanical tissue输导组织(con duct ing tissue分泌结构(secretory structure表皮(epidermis)周皮(periderm)气孔(stoma)皮孔(lenticel )保卫细胞(guard cell)吸收组织(absorptive tissue根毛（root hair）木栓（phellem 或 cork）栓层（phelloderm）同化组织（assimilating tissue储藏组织（storage tissue储水组织（aqueous tissue通气组织（aerench

5、yma传递细胞（transfer cell）厚角组织（collenchyma ）厚壁组织（sclerencnyma石细胞（sclereid 或 stone cel）纤维（fiber ）木质部（xylem ）韧皮部（phloem ）管胞（tracheid）导管分子（vesselelement或 vesselmember穿孔（perforation ）导管（vessel筛管分子（sieve-tube elemen或 sieve-tube member筛管（sieve tube筛孔（sieve pore筛孔（sieve pore筛板（sieve plate原生质联络索（connecting stra

6、nd胼胝质（callose筛域（sive area伴胞（companioncell）胼胝体（callus）筛胞（sieve cell）腺表皮（glandular epidermis腺毛(glandular hair)蜜腺(nectary)排水器(hydathode吐水(guttation)水孔(waterPore)通水组织(epithem)分泌细胞(secretorycell)分泌腔(secretorycavity)分泌道(secretorycana乳汁管(laticifer)无节乳汁管(nonar-ticulatelaticifer)有节乳汁管(arti-culatelaticifer)组织

7、系统(tissue system)皮组织系统(dermal tissue system维管组织系统(vascular tissue system基本组织系统(fun dame ntal tissue system或 groun dtissue system皮系统(dermal system)维管系统(vascular system基本系统(fun dame ntal system或 ground system)种子(seed胚(embryo)胚乳(endosperm)种皮(seed coat testa)夕卜胚乳(perisperm)胚根(radicle)胚芽(plumule )胚轴(hypo

8、cotyl )子叶(cotyledon)种脐(hilum)种阜(caruncle)种脊(raphe)有胚乳种子(albuminousseed 无胚乳种子(exalbuminous seed 胚芽鞘(coleoptile) 胚根鞘(coleorhi- za) 盾片(scutellum) 外胚叶(epiblast)种子萌发(seed germ in atior)子叶出土的幼苗(epigaeous seedling 子叶留土的幼苗(hypogaeous seedling 器官(organ)营养器官(vegetative orgar)根(root )根系(root system) 主根(main ro

9、ot) 直根(tap root) 初生根(primaryroot ) 侧根(lateral root) 次生根(sec on daryroo) 不定根(adventitiousroot) 定根(no rmal root) 种子根(seminal root) 直根系(taprootsystem) 须根系(fibrousrootsystem) 原始细胞(initialcell) 不活动中心(或称静止中心，quiescentcentre 根尖(roottip) 根冠(root cap)分生区(meristematiczon© 伸长区(elongationzon成熟区(maturationz

10、one)维管柱(vascular cylinder)皮层(cortex)切向分裂(弦向分裂，tan ge ntialdivision) 平周分裂(periclinalkivision )径向分裂(radialdivision)横向分裂(transversedivisior)垂周分裂(anticlinaldivision )根毛区(roothairzon初生生长(primary growth)初生组织(primary tissue)初生结构(primary structure)根被(velamen)夕卜皮层(exodermis)皮层(endode mis)凯氏带(Casparian strip通

11、道纟田胞(passage cell中柱鞘(pericycle)髓( pith)初生木质部(primary xylem)初生韧皮部(primary phloem)夕卜始式(exarch)原生木质部(protoxylem)后生木质部(metaxylem)木质部脊(xylem ridge )二原型(diarch)三原型(triarch )四原型(tetrarch)五原型(pentarch六原型(hexarch)多原型(polyarch)原生韧皮部(protophloem) 后生韧皮部(meta-phloem) 根原基(root primordium) 起源(en doge no usorigir)

12、形成层环(cambium ring) 木射线(xylemray) 韧皮射线(phloemray) 维管射线(vascularray) 木栓形成层(phellogen 或 cork cambium) 栓层(phelloderm) 木栓(phellem 或 cork) 周皮(periderm) 共生(symbiosis) 根瘤(root nodule) 菌根(mycorrhiza) 夕卜生菌根(ectotrophic mycorrhiza) 生菌根(endotrophic mycorrhiza) 夕卜生菌根(ectendotrophicmycorrhiza) 茎( stem) 节(node)节间(

13、in ternode)枝或枝条(shoot)叶痕(leafsca)维管束痕(bundle sca,简称束痕) 芽鳞痕(bud scalescar 芽(bud) 枝芽(branch bud 叶芽(leafbud) 花芽(floralbud)叶原基(leaf primordium)腋芽原基(axillary bud primordium )侧枝原基(lateral branch primordium) 枝原基(branchprimordium) 芽轴(bud axis)定芽(normalbud)不定芽(adventitiousbud)顶芽(terminal bud)腋芽(axillary bud)

14、侧芽(lateral bud)副芽(accessory bud叶柄下芽(subpetiolar bud)裸芽(nakedbud被芽(protectedbud鳞片(scale)芽鳞(bud scale鳞芽(scalybud)混合芽(mixedbud )活动芽(activebud)休眠芽(dormant bud)潜伏芽(late nt bud)直立茎(erect stem)缠绕茎(twining stem )攀援茎(climbing stem )匍匐茎(creeping stem)纤匍枝(runner)单轴分枝(monopodial branching)合轴分枝(sympodial branchi

15、ng) 假二叉分枝(falsedichotomous branching 二叉分枝(dichotomousbranching分蘖 (tiller)原表皮(protoderm)基本分生组织(ground meristem)原形成层(procambium)生长点(growing point)生长锥(growing tip)茎端(stem apeX根端(root apeX枝端或苗端(shoot apeX茎尖(stemtip)根尖(root tip )组织原学说(histogen theory表皮原(dermatoger)皮层原(periblem)中柱原(plerome)原套-原体学说(tunica

16、corpus theory原套(tunica)原体(corpus细胞学分区概念(concept of cytologicalzonation)叶原座(leaf buttress初生组织(primary tissue)初生结构(primary structure)通气组织(aerenchyma淀粉鞘(starch sheath无限维管束(open bun die有限维管束(closed bun die外韧维管束(collateral bundle)双韧维管束(bicollateral bundle)周韧维管束(amphicribral bundle)周木维管束(amphivasal bundle

17、同心维管束(concentrie bundle中柱(stele)原生中柱(protostele)管状中柱(siphonosteie中央柱(centralcylinder)维管柱(vascularcylinder) 始式(endarch)环髓带(perimedullaryzone) 髓腔(pith cavity) 髓射线(pith ray) 初生射线(primary ray) 树脂道(res in canal 维管束鞘(bundle sheath 下皮(hypodermis) 初生加厚分生组织(primary thickening meristem) 束中形成层(fascicularcambiu

18、m)。束间形成层(interfascicular cambium)形成层带(cambial zone韧皮射线(phloem ray)维管射线(vascular ray)次生射线(secondary ray初生射线(primary ray )侵入生长(intrusivegrowth 或 interpositional growth) 早材(early wood) 晚材(late wood)生长轮(growth ring)生长层(growth layer)年轮(annual ring)心材(heart wood)侵填体(tylosis )边材（sap wood）木材解剖学（xylotomy 或 w

19、oodanatomy）补充组织（complementary tissue 圭寸闭层（closing layer）叶（leaf光合作用（photosynthesis栅栏组织（palisade tissue海绵组织（spongy tissue蒸腾作用（transpiration）叶片（lamina 或 blade）叶柄（petiole）托叶（stipule）完全叶（complete leaf不完全叶（in complete leaf）无柄叶（sessil lea）叶状柄（phyllode）盾形叶（peltatelea）叶尖（leaf apeX叶基（leaf base叶缘（leaf margin）

20、叶鞘（leaf sheath叶舌（ligulate）叶耳（auricle）叶枕（pulvinus）叶脉（vein）脉序（venation）单叶（simple leaf）复叶（compoundlea）叶轴（rachis）总叶柄（com mon petiole）小叶(leaflet)小叶柄(petiolule)羽状复叶(pinnately compound lea)掌状复叶(palmately compound lea)三出复叶(ternatelycompoundlea) 三出掌状复叶(ternate palmate leaf 三出羽状复叶(tern ate pinn ate leaf 奇数羽状复

21、叶(odd-pinnately compound lea) 偶数羽状复叶(even pinnately compound leaf) 一回羽状复叶(simple pinnate lea) 二回羽状复叶(bipinnate leaf) 三回羽状复叶(trip inn ateleaf)单身复叶(unifoliate compound leaf) 叶序(phyllotaxy ) 互生(alternat® 对生(opposite)轮生(whorled 或 verticillate)叶序周(cycle)开度(divergenc®交互对生(decussate。簇生叶序(fascicle

22、d phyllotaxy )叶镶嵌(leaf mosaic)异形叶性(heterophylly )叶肉(mesophyll)异面叶(dorsi-ventralleaf 或 bifacialleaf )等面叶(isobilateral leaf)复表皮(multiple pyidermis) 副卫细胞(subsidiary cell ) 气孔器(stomatalapparatus 气孔复合体(stomatalcomplex)维管束鞘延伸(bundlesheathextensio"泡状细胞(bulliform cell )运动细胞(motorcell)沉水叶(submerged leaf

23、阳地植物(sun plant)阴地植物(shadeplan)耐荫植物(tolerant plant)落叶树(deciduous tree常绿树(evergreen tree离区(abscission zone离层(abscission layer或分离层 separationlaye)保护层(protectivelayer)叶迹(leaf trace叶隙(leaf gap)枝迹(branch trace枝隙(branch gap根和茎的过渡区(也称转变区，transition region或 transition zone) 肉质直根(fleshy tap root)额外形成层(supernu

24、merarycambium或畐U形成层 accessory cambium 块根(root tuber)支柱根(prop root)攀援根(climbing root)呼吸根(respiratory root)寄生根(parasitic root)吸器(haustorium)半寄生植物(semi parasitic plant)地上茎(aerial stem)地下茎(subterraneous stem茎刺(stemthorn)茎卷须(stem tendril )叶状茎(也称叶状枝，phylloid )小鳞茎(bulblet)小块茎(tubercle)根状茎(rhizoma)块茎(tuber)

25、鳞茎(bulb)球茎(corm)茎朿 U (stem thorn) 茎卷须(stem ten dril) 叶状茎(phylloid) 肉质茎(fleshy stem) 苞片(bract) 鳞叶(scale leaf) 叶卷须(leaf ten dril) 叶刺(leaf thorn) 叶状柄(phyllode) 捕虫叶(inect catdning leaf) 营养繁殖(vegetative propagation) 抱子繁殖(或无性繁殖 asexual reproduction) 有性生殖(sexual reproduction抱子(spore)配子(gamete花( flower)花柄(花

26、梗，Pedicel)花托(Receptacle花被(Periath)花萼(calyx )萼片(sepa )花冠(corlla )副萼(accessory calx雄蕊群(Androecium)雄蕊(stamer) 花丝(faliment) 花药(an the) 花粉囊(pollen sac) 药隔(connective) 花粉粒(pollen grain) 雌蕊群(Gynoecium) 雌蕊(pistil)四强雄蕊 (tetrad yn amous stame n) 二强雄蕊 (did yn amous stame n) 单体雄蕊 (mono delphous stame n) 二体雄蕊(di

27、adephous stamen) 多体雄蕊 (polydephous stame n) 聚药雄蕊(synatherous stamen) 柱头(Stigma) 花柱(style) 子房(ovary) 心皮(Carpus) 单雌蕊(simple pistil) 离生单雌蕊( apocarpous pisti) 合生心皮雌蕊(syncarpous pisti) 复雌蕊( compo und pistil) 子房壁(ovary wall) 子房室(locule) 胎座(placenta)边缘胎座(marginal placentation) 侧膜胎座(parietal placentation)中轴

28、胎座(axile placentation)特立中央胎座(free central placentation 子房上位(superior ovary) 子房下位(inferior ovary) 子房半下位(halp-inferior ovary) 完全花(Flower)两性花(bisexual flower) 单性花(uni sexual flower) 雌花(pistillate flower) 雄花(stam in ate flower) 雌雄同株(monoecious 雌雄异株(dioecious) 无性花(n eutral flower) 颖片(glume) 夕卜稃(lemma) 稃(

29、pelea) 浆片(lodicule) 花程式(Floral formula) 花图式(Floral diagram) 花序(inflorescenee 抱原细胞(archesp-orial cell) 初生周缘层(primary parietal layer) 初生造抱细胞(primary sporogenous cell) 药室壁(endothecium) 中层(middle layer) 绒毡层(tapetum) 纤维层(fibrous layer) 花粉母细胞(Pollen mothercell) 花粉(pollen)营养细胞(vegetative cel) 生殖细胞(generati

30、ve cel) 同时型(simultaneous type)连续型(successive type)外壁(ex in e)壁(in ti ne)抱粉学(Palynology)直生胚珠(Orthotropous ovule)倒生胚珠(An atropous ovule)横生胚珠(Amphitropous ovule)弯生胚珠(Campulitropous ovule) 拳卷胚珠(Circinotropous ovule) 合点(chalaza)珠心(nu cellus)珠被(in tegume nt)夕卜珠被(outer in tegume nt)珠被(inner in tegume nt)珠孑

31、 L (micropyle)珠柄(fun iculus)胚囊母纟田胞(embryo-sac mother cel) 胚丕囊(embryo-sac)丝状器(filiform apparatus)极核(polar nuclei)中央细胞(central cell)反足细胞(anitipodal cell)助细胞(synergid)卵器(egg apparatus卵细胞(egg)开花(Anthesis)传粉(Pollination)自花传粉(Self-pollination)异花传粉(cross poll in ati on)闭花受精(cleistogamy) 开花受精(chasmogamy 传粉(poll in ati on) 相互识别(recognition) 亲和(compatible) 风媒(anemophily) 风媒花(anemophilous flower) 虫媒(entomophily) 虫媒花(entomophilous flower) 水媒(hydrophily) 鸟媒(ornithophily) 受精作用(fertilization) 花粉管(pollen tube) 干柱头(dry stigma) 湿柱头(wet stigma) 实心型花柱(solid style