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田埂功能植物组合配置对稻田害虫和天敌数量的影响

花匠小妙招
2024-11-10 01:50

摘要: 【目的】针对集约化稻田系统生态功能脆弱、虫害频发、稻田景观单一化等问题，探索稻田非作物生境（田埂）不同功能植物组合配置对虫害的防控效果及其对天敌昆虫数量的影响，为稻田虫害的绿色生态防控提供实践基础与技术支撑。【方法】基于田间试验，设置空白处理（CK）、香根草（T1xgc）、芝麻（T1zm）、凤仙花（T1fxh）、波斯菊（T1bsj）、荞麦（T1qm）、香根草+波斯菊组合（T2xb）、香根草+荞麦组合（T2xq）、香根草+芝麻+波斯菊组合（T3xzb）、香根草+荞麦+凤仙花组合（T3xqf）共10个田埂植物组合配置处理。通过实地调研、震落法和色板诱集法等手段调查分析田埂不同功能植物组合配置对稻田虫害防治效率和天敌数量等指标的影响。【结果】 T3xzb模式大幅度提高了对稻纵卷叶螟（Cnaphalocrocis medinalis）的生态防控效果，距田埂5和10 m的防治效率分别达81%和96%，比对应单一植物处理T1xgc、T1bsj和T1zm的防治效率分别提高17%~31%、16%~42%和35%~50%。对于二化螟（Chilo suppressalis）的防治，芝麻和香根草是较适宜的功能植物，且作用距离均大于10 m。稻田田埂功能植物的应用不仅增加了天敌昆虫的控害能力，对害虫的吸引力也相应增强，其中T3xzb模式下稻蓟马（Stenchaetothrips biformis）害虫数量比CK增加17头，比对应单一植物处理T1xgc、T1zm和T1bsj分别增加13、11和15头。【结论】相较于单一植物模式，香根草+芝麻+波斯菊组合配置（T3xzb）的田埂对稻田螟虫的防控能力有较大程度的提升；同时，该配置模式对部分寄生性和捕食性天敌昆虫也具有较好的诱集涵养作用，可作为稻田绿色生态防控的有效手段。

关键词: 稻田 / 田埂 / 功能植物 / 水稻害虫 / 天敌 / 生态防控

Abstract: 【Objective】 In response to the vulnerability of ecological functions,frequent pest outbreaks,and monoculture landscape in intensive paddy field systems,this study investigated the effects of different functional plant configurations in non-crop habitats(ridges)on pest control and the quantity of natural enemies for the purpose of providing a practical basis and technological support for green ecological pest control in paddy fields.【Method】Based on field experiment,10 ridge plant configurations treatments were carried out in field ridges,including a control group(CK), Vetiveria zizanioides(T1xgc), Sesamum indicum(T1zm), Impatiens balsamina(T1fxh), Cosmos bipinnata Cav.(T1bsj), Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.(T1qm), V. zizanioides+C. bipinnata(T2xb), V. zizanioides+F. esculentum(T2xq), V. zizanioides+S. indicum+C. bipinnata(T3xzb),and V. zizanioides + F. esculentum+I. balsamina(T3xqf). Field research, shaking method and color plate trapping were used to analyze the effects of different functional plant configurations on pest control efficiency and natural enemy quantity.【Result】 T3xzb configuration greatly improved the ecological control effectiveness against the rice leaf folder(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis), with control efficiencies of 81% and 96% at distances of 5 and 10 m from the field ridge,respectively. These efficiencies were 17%-31%,16%-42%,and 35%-50% higher compared to the T1xgc, T1bsj, and T1zm single plant configurations, respectively. For the control of the striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis),T1zm and T1xgc treatments were suitable functional plants,and their effective distances were both greater than 10 m. The application of functional plants in paddy field ridges not only increased the pest control effectiveness of natural enemy insects,but also enhanced their attractiveness to pests. Under the T3xzb configuration,the quantity of Stenchaetothrips biformis increased by 17 compared to the control group(CK),and increased by 13,11,and 15 compared to the T1xgc,T1zm,and T1bsj single plant configurations,respectively.【Conclusion】Compared to single plant configuration,the field ridge with a configuration of Vetiveria zizanioides+ Sesamum indicum+ Cosmos bipinnata Cav. (T3xzb)greatly improved the control effectiveness against striped stem borers. Moreover, this configuration also exhibites a good attraction and conservation effect on some parasitic and predatory natural enemy insects,making it an effective measure for green ecological pest control in paddy fields.

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