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污染土壤生物修复技术的进展与工程应用现状

花匠小妙招
2024-11-10 05:30

摘要：

人类生产和生活中对于污染物的不当处理会导致土壤污染，威胁生态安全、粮食安全和可持续发展。土壤生物修复利用微生物来降解土壤中的有机污染物、转化重金属污染物价态或者降低其生物可利用度而降低其危害。伴随现代生物技术的发展，土壤生物修复技术被日益广泛地应用于污染耕地和污染工业场地的修复。本文从污染物质的转化与利用角度，概述了土壤污染物的主要类型及其所适用的生物修复技术及其进展。重点综述了生物修复菌株的筛选、土壤微生态分析、生物修复过程强化三方面的最新进展，介绍了生物修复技术在加油站、废弃化工厂的生物修复及秸秆还田中的工程实施案例，分析了土壤生物修复技术应用中存在的问题，如土壤修复效果评估和降解菌剂性能强化等，讨论了土壤生物修复技术的研究方向和应用前景。

关键词: 污染土壤, 土壤生物修复, 废弃秸秆

Abstract:

Soil contamination is often caused by the inappropriate treatment of industrial wastes and municipal sewage threatening the safety of environment, food and ecology as well as the sustainability of society. Bioremediation refers to the application of microorganisms to dissociate organic compounds, detoxifying heavy metal ions or reducing their bioavailability. The advancement of biotechnology has empowered technical innovation of bioremediation methods and their applications in the treatment of contaminated farmland and wasted plant site. This review starts with a brief introduction to bioremediation techniques and their applications to three major types of soil contaminants. The applicability of these methods was discussed from the viewpoint of contaminates transformation and utilization. The technical advancement in the selection and screening of degradation microorganisms, molecular biology methods for assessing microbiological ecology as well as novel bioaugmentation principles were detailed. The applications of bioremediation techniques in the treatment of gas stations, abandoned plants and straw mulching were described. The problems in the development of soil bioremediation techniques such as the assessment of soil remediation outcome, formation of high performance degrading microbial consortia were outlined, as well as the prospects of soil remediation techniques.

Key words: contaminated soil, soil bioremediation, straw

中图分类号:

TQ033