首页 > 分享 > Impact of agricultural landscape heterogeneity on biodiversity and ecosystem services

Impact of agricultural landscape heterogeneity on biodiversity and ecosystem services

花匠小妙招
2024-11-10 14:44

[1]

Alcamo J. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being:A Framework for Assessment. Washington, D.C., USA: Island Press, 2003.

[2]

Sutherland W J, Armstrong-Brown S, Armsworth P R, Tom B, Brickland J, Campbell C D, Chamberlain D E, Cooke A I, Dulvy N K, Dusic N R, Fitton M, Freckleton R P, Godfray H C J, Grout N, Harvey H J, Hedley C, Hopkins J J, Kift N B, Kirby J, Kunin W E, Macdonald D W, Marker B, Naura M, Neale A R, Oliver T, Osborn D, Pullin A S, Shardlow M E A, Showler D A, Smith P L, Smithers R J, Solandt J L, Spencer J, Spray C J, Thomas C D, Thompson J, Webb S E, Yalden D W, Watkinson A R. The identification of 100 ecological questions of high policy relevance in the UK. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006, 43(4): 617-627. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01188.x

[3]

傅伯杰, 周国逸, 白永飞, 宋长春, 刘纪远, 张惠远, 吕一河, 郑华, 谢高地. 中国主要陆地生态系统服务功能与生态安全. 地球科学进展, 2009, 24(6): 571-576. DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1001-8166.2009.06.001

[4]

Costanza R, de Groot R, Braat L, Kubiszewski I, Fioramonti L, Sutton P, Farber S, Grasso M. Twenty years of ecosystem services:how far have we come and how far do we still need to go?. Ecosystem Services, 2017, 28: 1-16. DOI:10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.09.008

[5]

Isbell F, Gonzalez A, Loreau M, Cowles J, Díaz S, Hector A, Mace G M, Wardle D A, O'Connor M I, Duffy J E, Turnbull L A, Thompson P L, Larigauderie A. Linking the influence and dependence of people on biodiversity across scales. Nature, 2017, 546(7656): 65-72. DOI:10.1038/nature22899

[6]

Winfree R, Reilly J R, Bartomeus I, Cariveau D P, Williams N M, Gibbs J. Species turnover promotes the importance of bee diversity for crop pollination at regional scales. Science, 2018, 359(6377): 791-793. DOI:10.1126/science.aao2117

[7]

Tscharntke T, Klein A M, Kruess A, Steffan-Dewenter I, Thies C. Landscape perspectives on agricultural intensification and biodiversity-ecosystem service management. Ecology Letters, 2005, 8(8): 857-874. DOI:10.1111/ele.2005.8.issue-8

[8]

Tscharntke T, Tylianakis J M, Rand T A, Didham R K, Fahrig L, Batáry P, Bengtsson J, Clough Y, Crist T O, Dormann C F, Ewers R M, Fründ J, Holt R D, Holzschuh A, Klein A M, Kleijn D, Kremen C, Landis D A, Laurance W, Lindenmayer D, Scherber C, Sodhi N, Steffan-Dewenter I, Thies C, van der Putten W H, Westphal C. Landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns and processes-eight hypotheses. Biological Reviews, 2012, 87(3): 661-685. DOI:10.1111/brv.2012.87.issue-3

[9]

Prager K, Reed M, Scott A. Encouraging collaboration for the provision of ecosystem services at a landscape scale-rethinking agri-environmental payments. Land Use Policy, 2012, 29(1): 244-249. DOI:10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.06.012

[10]

Graves R A, Pearson S M, Turner M G. Landscape dynamics of floral resources affect the supply of a biodiversity-dependent cultural ecosystem service. Landscape Ecology, 2017, 32(2): 415-428. DOI:10.1007/s10980-016-0452-0

[11]

Midgley G F. Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Science, 2012, 335(6065): 174-175. DOI:10.1126/science.1217245

[12]

Cardinale B J, Duffy J E, Gonzalez A, Hooper D U, Perrings C, Venail P, Narwani A, Mace G M, Tilman D, Wardle D A, Kinzig A P, Daily G C, Loreau M, Grace J B, Larigauderie A, Srivastava D S, Naeem S. Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature, 2012, 486(7401): 59-67. DOI:10.1038/nature11148

[13]

Tilman D, Isbell F, Cowles J M. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 2014, 45: 471-493. DOI:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091917

[14] [15] [16]

Lefcheck J S, Byrnes J E K, Isbell F, Gamfeldt L, Griffin J N, Eisenhauer N, Hensel M J S, Hector A, Cardinale B J, Duffy J E. Biodiversity enhances ecosystem multifunctionality across trophic levels and habitats. Nature Communications, 2015, 6: 6936. DOI:10.1038/ncomms7936

[17]

MEA. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being:Current State and Trends:Findings of the Condition and Trends Working Group. Washington, D. C., USA: Island Press, 2005.

[18]

Butchart S H M, Walpole M, Collen B, van Strien A, Scharlemann J P W, Almond R E A, Baillie J E M, Bomhard B, Brown C, Bruno J, Carpenter K E, Carr G M, Chanson J, Chenery A M, Csirke J, Davidson N C, Dentener F, Foster M, Galli A, Galloway J N, Genovesi P, Gregory R D, Hockings M, Kapos V, Lamarque J F, Leverington F, Loh J, McGeoch M A, McRae L, Minasyan A, Morcillo M H, Oldfield T E E, Pauly D, Quader S, Revenga C, Sauer J R, Skolnik B, Spear D, Stanwell-Smith D, Stuart S N, Symes A, Tierney M, Tyrrell T D, Vié J C, Watson R. Global biodiversity:indicators of recent declines. Science, 2010, 328(5982): 1164-1168. DOI:10.1126/science.1187512

[19] [20]

Sala O E, Chapin Ⅲ F S, Armesto J J, Berlow E, Bloomfield J, Dirzo R, Huber-Sanwald E, Huenneke L F, Jackson R B, Kinzig A, Leemans R, Lodge D M, Mooney H A, Oesterheld M, Poff N L, Sykes M T, Walker B H, Walker M, Wall D H. Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science, 2000, 287(5459): 1770-1774. DOI:10.1126/science.287.5459.1770

[21]

Robinson R A, Sutherland W J. Post-war changes in arable farming and biodiversity in Great Britain. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2002, 39(1): 157-176. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2664.2002.00695.x

[22]

Foley J A, DeFries R, Asner G P, Barford C, Bonan G, Carpenter S R, Chapin F S, Coe M T, Daily G C, Gibbs H K, Helkowski J H, Holloway T, Howard E A, Kucharik C J, Monfreda C, Patz J A, Prentice I C, Ramankutty N, Snyder P K. Global consequences of land use. Science, 2005, 309(5734): 570-574. DOI:10.1126/science.1111772

[23]

Meehan T D, Werling B P, Landis D A, Gratton C. Agricultural landscape simplification and insecticide use in the Midwestern United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2011, 108(28): 11500-11505. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1100751108

[24]

Kubiszewski I, Costanza R, Anderson S, Sutton P. The future value of ecosystem services:global scenarios and national implications. Ecosystem Services, 2017, 26: 289-301. DOI:10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.05.004

[25] [26]

Green R E, Cornell S J, Scharlemann J P W, Balmford A. Farming and the fate of wild nature. Science, 2005, 307(5709): 550-555. DOI:10.1126/science.1106049

[27]

Rodrigues A S L, Andelman S J, Bakarr M I, Boitani L, Brooks T M, Cowling R M, Fishpool L D C, da Fonseca G A B, Gaston K J, Hoffmann M, Long J S, Marquet P A, Pilgrim J D, Pressey R L, Schipper J, Sechrest W, Stuart S N, Underhill L G, Waller R W, Watts M E J, Yan X. Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature, 2004, 428(6983): 640-643. DOI:10.1038/nature02422

[28]

Turner M G. Landscape ecology in North America:past, present, and future. Ecology, 2005, 86(8): 1967-1974. DOI:10.1890/04-0890

[29]

Wu J G. Key concepts and research topics in landscape ecology revisited:30 years after the Allerton Park workshop. Landscape Ecology, 2013, 28(1): 1-11. DOI:10.1007/s10980-012-9836-y

[30]

Fahrig L, Baudry J, Brotons L, Burel F G, Crist T O, Fuller R J, Sirami C, Siriwardena G M, Martin J L. Functional landscape heterogeneity and animal biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Ecology Letters, 2011, 14(2): 101-112. DOI:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01559.x

[31] [32]

Carpenter S R, Mooney H A, Agard J, Capistrano D, DeFries R S, Díaz S, Dietz T, Duraiappah A K, Oteng-Yeboah A, Pereira H M, Perrings C, Reid W V, Sarukhan J, Scholes R J, Whyte A. Science for managing ecosystem services:beyond the millennium ecosystem assessment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009, 106(5): 1305-1312. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0808772106

[33] [34]

Perrings C, Naeem S, Ahrestani F, Bunker D E, Burkill P, Canziani G, Elmqvist T, Ferrati R, Fuhrman J A, Jaksic F, Kawabata Z, Kinzig A, Mace G M, Milano F, Mooney H, Prieur-Richard A H, Tschirhart J, Weisser W. Ecosystem Services for 2020. Science, 2010, 330(6002): 323-324. DOI:10.1126/science.1196431

[35]

Perrings C, Naeem S, Ahrestani F S, Bunker D E, Burkill P, Canziani G, Elmqvist T, Fuhrman J A, Jaksic F M, Kawabata Z, Kinzig A, Mace G M, Mooney H, Prieur-Richard A H, Tschirhart J, Weisser W. Ecosystem services, targets, and indicators for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2011, 9(9): 512-520. DOI:10.1890/100212

[36]

Wardle D A. Do experiments exploring plant diversity-ecosystem functioning relationships inform how biodiversity loss impacts natural ecosystems?. Journal of Vegetation Science, 2016, 27(3): 646-653. DOI:10.1111/jvs.12399

[37]

Kovács-Hostyánszki A, Espíndola A, Vanbergen A J, Settele J, Kremen C, Dicks L V. Ecological intensification to mitigate impacts of conventional intensive land use on pollinators and pollination. Ecology Letters, 2017, 20(5): 673-689. DOI:10.1111/ele.12762

[38]

傅伯杰, 陈利顶, 马克明, 王仰麟. 景观生态学原理及应用(第二版). 北京: 科学出版社, 2011.

[39]

Lovett G M, Turner M G, Jones C G, Weathers K C. Ecosystem Function in Heterogeneous Landscapes. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2005.

[40] [41] [42]

Wu J G. Effects of changing scale on landscape pattern analysis:scaling relations. Landscape Ecology, 2004, 19(2): 125-138. DOI:10.1023/B:LAND.0000021711.40074.ae

[43]

Weibull A C, Bengtsson J, Nohlgren E. Diversity of butterflies in the agricultural landscape:the role of farming system and landscape heterogeneity. Ecography, 2000, 23(6): 743-750. DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2000.tb00317.x

[44]

Kauffman M J, Varley N, Smith D W, Stahler D R, MacNulty D R, Boyce M S. Landscape heterogeneity shapes predation in a newly restored predator-prey system. Ecology Letters, 2007, 10(8): 690-700. DOI:10.1111/ele.2007.10.issue-8

[45] [46] [47]

Fraterrigo J M, Pearson S M, Turner M G. Joint effects of habitat configuration and temporal stochasticity on population dynamics. Landscape Ecology, 2009, 24(7): 863-877. DOI:10.1007/s10980-009-9364-6

[48]

Reynolds C, Fletcher Jr R J, Carneiro C M, Jennings N, Ke A, LaScaleia M C, Lukhele M B, Mamba M L, Sibiya M D, Austin J D, Magagula C N, Mahlaba T, Monadjem A, Wisely S M, McCleery R A. Inconsistent effects of landscape heterogeneity and land-use on animal diversity in an agricultural mosaic:a multi-scale and multi-taxon investigation. Landscape Ecology, 2018, 33(2): 241-255. DOI:10.1007/s10980-017-0595-7

[49]

Turner M G. Spatial and temporal analysis of landscape patterns. Landscape Ecology, 1990, 4(1): 21-30. DOI:10.1007/BF02573948

[50] [51] [52]

Concepción E D, Fernández-González F, Díaz M. Plant diversity partitioning in Mediterranean croplands:effects of farming intensity, field edge, and landscape context. Ecological Applications, 2012, 22(3): 972-981. DOI:10.1890/11-1471.1

[53]

Puech C, Poggi S, Baudry J, Aviron S. Do farming practices affect natural enemies at the landscape scale?. Landscape Ecology, 2015, 30(1): 125-140. DOI:10.1007/s10980-014-0103-2

[54] [55]

Rusch A, Chaplin-Kramer R, Gardiner M M, Hawro V, Holland J, Landis D, Thies C, Tscharntke T, Weisser W W, Winqvist C, Woltz M, Bommarco R. Agricultural landscape simplification reduces natural pest control:a quantitative synthesis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2016, 221: 198-204.

[56] [57]

Kleijn D, Baquero R A, Clough Y, Díaz M, de Esteban J, Fernández F, Gabriel D, Herzog F, Holzschuh A, Johl R, Knop E, Kruess A, Marshall E J P, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke T, Verhulst J, West T M, Yela J L. Mixed biodiversity benefits of agri-environment schemes in five European countries. Ecology Letters, 2006, 9(3): 243-254. DOI:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00869.x

[58]

Malcolm S, Marshall E, Aillery M, Heisey P, Livingston M, Day-Rubenstein K. Agricultural Adaptation to a Changing Climate: Economic and Environmental Implications Vary by U.S. Region. USDA-ERS Economic Research Report No. 136. USDA, ERS. 2012.[2018-11-30]. https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/44987/28911_err136.pdf?v=41474.

[59]

Rundlöf M, Edlund M, Smith H G. Organic farming at local and landscape scales benefits plant diversity. Ecography, 2010, 33(3): 514-522.

[60]

Crowder D W, Northfield T D, Strand M R, Snyder W E. Organic agriculture promotes evenness and natural pest control. Nature, 2010, 466(7302): 109-112. DOI:10.1038/nature09183

[61]

Bright J A, Morris A J, Field R H, Cooke A I, Grice P V, Walker L K, Fern J, Peach W J. Higher-tier agri-environment scheme enhances breeding densities of some priority farmland birds in England. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2015, 203: 69-79.

[62]

Broughton R K, Shore R F, Heard M S, Amy S R, Meek W R, Redhead J W, Turk A, Pywell R F. Agri-environment scheme enhances small mammal diversity and abundance at the farm-scale. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2014, 192: 122-129.

[63]

Haenke S, Kovács-Hostyánszki A, Fründ J, Batáry P, Jauker B, Tscharntke T, Holzschuh A. Landscape configuration of crops and hedgerows drives local syrphid fly abundance. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2014, 51(2): 505-513. DOI:10.1111/jpe.2014.51.issue-2

[64]

Perović D, Gámez-Virués S, Börschig C, Klein A M, Krauss J, Steckel J, Rothenwöhrer C, Erasmi S, Tscharntke T, Westphal C. Configurational landscape heterogeneity shapes functional community composition of grassland butterflies. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015, 52(2): 505-513. DOI:10.1111/1365-2664.12394

[65]

Bevanda M, Fronhofer E A, Heurich M, Müller J, Reineking B. Landscape configuration is a major determinant of home range size variation. Ecosphere, 2015, 6(10): 195. DOI:10.1890/ES15-00154.1

[66]

Neokosmidis L, Tscheulin T, Devalez J, Petanidou T. Landscape spatial configuration is a key driver of wild bee demographics. Insect Science, 2018, 25(1): 172-182. DOI:10.1111/ins.2018.25.issue-1

[67]

Jackson N D, Fahrig L. Habitat amount, not habitat configuration, best predicts population genetic structure in fragmented landscapes. Landscape Ecology, 2016, 31(5): 951-968. DOI:10.1007/s10980-015-0313-2

[68]

Arroyo-Rodriguez V, Rojas C, Saldaña-Vázquez R A, Stoner K E. Landscape composition is more important than landscape configuration for phyllostomid bat assemblages in a fragmented biodiversity hotspot. Biological Conservation, 2016, 198: 84-92. DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.03.026

[69]

Santana J, Reino L, Stoate C, Moreira F, Ribeiro P F, Santos J L, Rotenberry J T, Beja P. Combined effects of landscape composition and heterogeneity on farmland avian diversity. Ecology and Evolution, 2017, 7(4): 1212-1223. DOI:10.1002/ece3.2017.7.issue-4

[70]

Steckel J, Westphal C, Peters M K, Bellach M, Rothenwoehrer C, Erasmi S, Scherber C, Tscharntke T, Steffan-Dewenter I. Landscape composition and configuration differently affect trap-nesting bees, wasps and their antagonists. Biological Conservation, 2014, 172: 56-64. DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.02.015

[71]

Plećaš M, Gagić V, Janković M, Petrović-Obradović O, Kavallieratos N G, Tomanović Ž, Thies C, Tscharntke T, Ćetković A. Landscape composition and configuration influence cereal aphid-parasitoid-hyperparasitoid interactions and biological control differentially across years. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2014, 183: 1-10.

[72]

Watson S J, Watson D M, Luck G W, Spooner P G. Effects of landscape composition and connectivity on the distribution of an endangered parrot in agricultural landscapes. Landscape Ecology, 2014, 29(7): 1249-1259. DOI:10.1007/s10980-014-0065-4

[73]

Duflot R, Ernoult A, Aviron S, Fahrig L, Burel F. Relative effects of landscape composition and configuration on multi-habitat gamma diversity in agricultural landscapes. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2017, 241: 62-69.

[74] [75]

Pasher J, Mitchell S W, King D J, Fahrig L, Smith A C, Lindsay K E. Optimizing landscape selection for estimating relative effects of landscape variables on ecological responses. Landscape Ecology, 2013, 28(3): 371-383. DOI:10.1007/s10980-013-9852-6

[76]

Fahrig L, Girard J, Duro D, Pasher J, Smith A, Javorek S, King D, Lindsay K F, Mitchell S, Tischendorf L. Farmlands with smaller crop fields have higher within-field biodiversity. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2015, 200: 219-234.

[77]

Coppedge B R, Engle D M, Fuhlendorf S D, Masters R E, Gregory M S. Landscape cover type and pattern dynamics in fragmented southern Great Plains grasslands, USA. Landscape Ecology, 2001, 16(8): 677-690.

[78] [79] [80] [81]

Parody J M, Cuthbert F J, Decker E H. The effect of 50 years of landscape change on species richness and community composition. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2001, 10(3): 305-313. DOI:10.1046/j.1466-822X.2001.00233.x

[82]

Aggemyr E, Cousins S A O. Landscape structure and land use history influence changes in island plant composition after 100 years. Journal of Biogeography, 2012, 39(9): 1645-1656. DOI:10.1111/jbi.2012.39.issue-9

[83]

Lindborg R. Evaluating the distribution of plant life-history traits in relation to current and historical landscape configurations. Journal of Ecology, 2007, 95(3): 555-564. DOI:10.1111/jec.2007.95.issue-3

[84] [85]

Krauss J, Bommarco R, Guardiola M, Heikkinen R K, Helm A, Kuussaari M, Lindborg R, Öckinger E, Pärtel M, Pino J, Päyry J, Raatikainen K M, Sang A, Stefanescu C, Teder T, Zobel M, Steffan-Dewenter I. Habitat fragmentation causes immediate and time-delayed biodiversity loss at different trophic levels. Ecology Letters, 2010, 13(5): 597-605. DOI:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01457.x

[86]

Baillod A B, Tscharntke T, Clough Y, Batáry P. Landscape-scale interactions of spatial and temporal cropland heterogeneity drive biological control of cereal aphids. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2017, 54(6): 1804-1813. DOI:10.1111/jpe.2017.54.issue-6

[87]

Bertrand C, Burel F, Baudry J. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the crop mosaic influences carabid beetles in agricultural landscapes. Landscape Ecology, 2016, 31(2): 451-466. DOI:10.1007/s10980-015-0259-4

[88]

Alignier A, Aviron S. Time-lagged response of carabid species richness and composition to past management practices and landscape context of semi-natural field margins. Journal of Environmental Management, 2017, 204: 282-290. DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.08.054

[89]

Colwell R K, Dunn R R, Harris N C. Coextinction and persistence of dependent species in a changing world. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 2012, 43: 183-203. DOI:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110411-160304

[90]

Veron S, Fontaine C, Dubos N, Clergeau P, Pavoine S. Predicting the impacts of co-extinctions on phylogenetic diversity in mutualistic networks. Biological Conservation, 2018, 219: 161-171. DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.01.028

[91]

Brodie J F, Aslan C E, Rogers H S, Redford K H, Maron J L, Bronstein J L, Groves C R. Secondary extinctions of biodiversity. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2014, 29(12): 664-672.

[92]

Vanbergen A J, Woodcock B A, Heard M S, Chapman D S. Network size, structure and mutualism dependence affect the propensity for plant-pollinator extinction cascades. Functional Ecology, 2017, 31(6): 1285-1293. DOI:10.1111/1365-2435.12823

[93]

Fahrig L, Nuttle W K. Population ecology in spatially heterogeneous environments//Lovett G M, Turner M G, Jones C G, Weathers K C, eds. Ecosystem Function in Heterogeneous Landscapes. New York, NY: Springer, 2005: 95-118.

[94]

Loos J, Kuussaari M, Ekroos J, Hanspach J, Fust P, Jackson L, Fischer J. Changes in butterfly movements along a gradient of land use in farmlands of Transylvania (Romania). Landscape Ecology, 2015, 30(4): 625-635. DOI:10.1007/s10980-014-0141-9

[95]

Azevedo J C M, Jack S B, Coulson R N, Wunneburger D F. Functional heterogeneity of forest landscapes and the distribution and abundance of the red-cockaded woodpecker. Forest Ecology and Management, 2000, 127(1/3): 271-283.

[96]

Owen-Smith N. Functional heterogencity in resources within landscapes and herbivore population dynamics. Landscape Ecology, 2005, 20(3): 317-317. DOI:10.1007/s10980-005-4862-7

[97]

Boscolo D, Tokumoto P M, Ferreira P A, Ribeiro J W, dos Santos J S. Positive responses of flower visiting bees to landscape heterogeneity depend on functional connectivity levels. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation, 2017, 15(1): 18-24. DOI:10.1016/j.pecon.2017.03.002

[98]

Ye X P, Wang T H, Skidmore A K, Fortin D, Bastille-Rousseau G, Parrott L. A wavelet-based approach to evaluate the roles of structural and functional landscape heterogeneity in animal space use at multiple scales. Ecography, 2015, 38(7): 740-750. DOI:10.1111/ecog.2015.v38.i7

[99] [100]

Yoshioka A, Fukasawa K, Mishima Y, Sasaki K, Kadoya T. Ecological dissimilarity among land-use/land-cover types improves a heterogeneity index for predicting biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Ambio, 2017, 46(8): 894-906. DOI:10.1007/s13280-017-0925-7

[101]

Chave J. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology:what have we learned in 20 years?. Ecology Letters, 2013, 16(S1): 4-16.

[102]

Kie J G, Bowyer R T, Nicholson M C, Boroski B B, Loft E R. Landscape heterogeneity at differing scales:effects on spatial distribution of mule deer. Ecology, 2002, 83(2): 530-544. DOI:10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[0530:LHADSE]2.0.CO;2

[103]

Fischer C, Gayer C, Kurucz K, Riesch F, Tscharntke T, Batáry P. Ecosystem services and disservices provided by small rodents in arable fields:effects of local and landscape management. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2018, 55(2): 548-558. DOI:10.1111/1365-2664.13016

[104]

Mendes E S, Fonseca C, Marques S F, Maia D, Pereira M J R. Bat richness and activity in heterogeneous landscapes:guild-specific and scale-dependent?. Landscape Ecology, 2017, 32(2): 295-311. DOI:10.1007/s10980-016-0444-0

[105] [106] [107] [108]

Gabriel D, Sait S M, Hodgson J A, Schmutz U, Kunin W E, Benton T G. Scale matters:the impact of organic farming on biodiversity at different spatial scales. Ecology Letters, 2010, 13(7): 858-869. DOI:10.1111/ele.2010.13.issue-7

[109]

García D, Zamora R, Amico G C. The spatial scale of plant-animal interactions:effects of resource availability and habitat structure. Ecological Monographs, 2011, 81(1): 103-121. DOI:10.1890/10-0470.1

[110]

Mattsson B J, Zipkin E F, Gardner B, Blank P J, Sauer J R, Royle J A. Explaining local-scale species distributions:relative contributions of spatial autocorrelation and landscape heterogeneity for an avian assemblage. PLoS One, 2013, 8(2): e55097. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0055097

[111]

Happe A K, Riesch F, Rösch V, Gallé R, Tscharntke T, Batáry P. Small-scale agricultural landscapes and organic management support wild bee communities of cereal field boundaries. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2018, 254: 92-98.

[112]

Kennedy C M, Lonsdorf E, Neel M C, Williams N M, Ricketts T H, Winfree R, Bommarco R, Brittain C, Burley A L, Cariveau D, Carvalheiro L G, Chacoff N P, Cunningham S A, Danforth B N, Dudenhoffer J H, Elle E, Gaines H R, Garibaldi L A, Gratton C, Holzschuh A, Isaacs R, Javorek S K, Jha S, Klein A M, Krewenka K, Mandelik Y, Mayfield M M, Morandin L, Neame L A, Otieno M, Park M, Potts S G, Rundlöf M, Saez A, Steffan-Dewenter I, Taki H, Viana B F, Westphal C, Wilson J K, Greenleaf S S, Kremen C. A global quantitative synthesis of local and landscape effects on wild bee pollinators in agroecosystems. Ecology Letters, 2013, 16(5): 584-599. DOI:10.1111/ele.2013.16.issue-5

[113]

Cumming G S, Buerkert A, Hoffmann E M, Schlecht E, von Cramon-Taubadel S, Tscharntke T. Implications of agricultural transitions and urbanization for ecosystem services. Nature, 2014, 515(7525): 50-57. DOI:10.1038/nature13945

[114]

Massol F, Gravel D, Mouquet N, Cadotte M W, Fukami T, Leibold M A. Linking community and ecosystem dynamics through spatial ecology. Ecology Letters, 2011, 14(3): 313-323. DOI:10.1111/ele.2011.14.issue-3

[115]

Sutherland W J, Freckleton R P, Godfray H C J, Beissinger S R, Benton T, Cameron D D, Carmel Y, Coomes D A, Coulson T, Emmerson M C, Hails R S, Hays G C, Hodgson D J, Hutchings M J, Johnson D, Jones J P G, Keeling M J, Kokko H, Kunin W E, Lambin X, Lewis O T, Malhi Y, Mieszkowska N, Milner-Gulland E J, Norris K, Phillimore A B, Purves D W, Reid J M, Reuman D C, Thompson K, Travis J M J, Turnbull L A, Wardle D A, Wiegand T. Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions. Journal of Ecology, 2013, 101(1): 58-67. DOI:10.1111/jec.2012.101.issue-1

[116]

Liu Y H, Rothenwöhrer C, Scherber C, Batáry P, Elek Z, Steckel J, Erasmi S, Tscharntke T, Westphal C. Functional beetle diversity in managed grasslands:effects of region, landscape context and land use intensity. Landscape Ecology, 2014, 29(3): 529-540. DOI:10.1007/s10980-014-9987-0

[117]

Gonthier D J, Ennis K K, Farinas S, Hsieh H Y, Iverson A L, Batáry P, Rudolphi J, Tscharntke T, Cardinale B J, Perfecto I. Biodiversity conservation in agriculture requires a multi-scale approach. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 2014, 281(1791): 20141358. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2014.1358

[118]

Kennedy C M, Marra P P, Fagan W F, Neel M C. Landscape matrix and species traits mediate responses of Neotropical resident birds to forest fragmentation in Jamaica. Ecological Monographs, 2010, 80(4): 651-669. DOI:10.1890/09-0904.1

[119]

López-González C, Presley S J, Lozano A, Stevens R D, Higgins C L. Ecological biogeography of Mexican bats:the relative contributions of habitat heterogeneity, beta diversity, and environmental gradients to species richness and composition patterns. Ecography, 2015, 38(3): 261-272. DOI:10.1111/ecog.2015.v38.i3

[120]

Kremen C, Williams N M, Aizen M A, Gemmill-Herren B, LeBuhn G, Minckley R, Packer L, Potts S G, Roulston T, Steffan-Dewenter I, Vázquez D P, Winfree R, Adams L, Crone E E, Greenleaf S S, Keitt T H, Klein A M, Regetz J, Ricketts T H. Pollination and other ecosystem services produced by mobile organisms:a conceptual framework for the effects of land-use change. Ecology Letters, 2007, 10(4): 299-314. DOI:10.1111/ele.2007.10.issue-4

[121]

Bennett E M, Peterson G D, Gordon L J. Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem services. Ecology Letters, 2009, 12(12): 1394-1404. DOI:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01387.x

[122]

Williams N S G, Morgan J W, McCarthy M A, McDonnell M J. Local extinction of grassland plants:the landscape matrix is more important than patch attributes. Ecology, 2006, 87(12): 3000-3006. DOI:10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[3000:LEOGPT]2.0.CO;2

[123]

Chaplin-Kramer R, O'Rourke M E, Blitzer E J, Kremen C. A meta-analysis of crop pest and natural enemy response to landscape complexity. Ecology Letters, 2011, 14(9): 922-932. DOI:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01642.x

[124]

Jonsson M, Straub C S, Didham R K, Buckley H L, Case B S, Hale R J, Gratton C, Wratten S D. Experimental evidence that the effectiveness of conservation biological control depends on landscape complexity. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015, 52(5): 1274-1282. DOI:10.1111/1365-2664.12489

[125]

Rösch V, Tscharntke T, Scherber C, Batáry P. Landscape composition, connectivity and fragment size drive effects of grassland fragmentation on insect communities. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2013, 50(2): 387-394. DOI:10.1111/1365-2664.12056

[126]

Lindborg R, Plue J, Andersson K, Cousins S A O. Function of small habitat elements for enhancing plant diversity in different agricultural landscapes. Biological Conservation, 2014, 169: 206-213. DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.11.015

[127]

Concepción E D, Díaz M, Baquero R A. Effects of landscape complexity on the ecological effectiveness of agri-environment schemes. Landscape Ecology, 2008, 23(2): 135-148. DOI:10.1007/s10980-007-9150-2

[128]

Batáry P, Báldi A, Kleijn D, Tscharntke T. Landscape-moderated biodiversity effects of agri-environmental management:a meta-analysis. Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences, 2011, 278(1713): 1894-1902. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2010.1923

[129]

Gagné S A, Fahrig L. Do birds and beetles show similar responses to urbanization?. Ecological Applications, 2011, 21(6): 2297-2312. DOI:10.1890/09-1905.1

[130]

Carrara E, Arroyo-Rodríguez V, Vega-Rivera J H, Schondube J E, de Freitas S M, Fahrig L. Impact of landscape composition and configuration on forest specialist and generalist bird species in the fragmented Lacandona rainforest, Mexico. Biological Conservation, 2015, 184: 117-126. DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.01.014

[131]

González-Varo J P, Vilà M. Spillover of managed honeybees from mass-flowering crops into natural habitats. Biological Conservation, 2017, 212: 376-382. DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.06.018

[132]

Geldmann J, González-Varo J P. Conserving honey bees does not help wildlife. Science, 2018, 359(6374): 392-393. DOI:10.1126/science.aar2269

[133]

Clavel J, Julliard R, Devictor V. Worldwide decline of specialist species:toward a global functional homogenization?. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2011, 9(4): 222-228. DOI:10.1890/080216

[134]

Scherber C, Eisenhauer N, Weisser W W, Schmid B, Voigt W, Fischer M, Schulze E D, Roscher C, Weigelt A, Allan E, Beßler H, Bonkowski M, Buchmann N, Buscot F, Clement L W, Ebeling A, Engels C, Halle S, Kertscher I, Klein A M, Koller R, König S, Kowalski E, Kummer V, Kuu A, Lange M, Lauterbach D, Middelhoff C, Migunova V D, Milcu A, Müller R, Partsch S, Petermann J S, Renker C, Rottstock T, Sabais A, Scheu S, Schumacher J, Temperton V M, Tscharntke T. Bottom-up effects of plant diversity on multitrophic interactions in a biodiversity experiment. Nature, 2010, 468(7323): 553-556. DOI:10.1038/nature09492

[135]

Haddad N M, Crutsinger G M, Gross K, Haarstad J, Knops J M H, Tilman D. Plant species loss decreases arthropod diversity and shifts trophic structure. Ecology Letters, 2009, 12(10): 1029-1039. DOI:10.1111/ele.2009.12.issue-10

[136]

Weterings R, Umponstira C, Buckley H L. Landscape variation influences trophic cascades in dengue vector food webs. Science Advances, 2018, 4(2): eaap9534. DOI:10.1126/sciadv.aap9534

[137] [138] [139]

Perfecto I, Vandermeer J H, Bautista G L, Nunñez G I, Greenberg R, Bichier P, Langridge S. Greater predation in shaded coffee farms:the role of resident neotropical birds. Ecology, 2004, 85(10): 2677-2681. DOI:10.1890/03-3145

[140]

Grass I, Lehmann K, Thies C, Tscharntke T. Insectivorous birds disrupt biological control of cereal aphids. Ecology, 2017, 98(6): 1583-1590. DOI:10.1002/ecy.1814

[141]

Maas B, Clough Y, Tscharntke T. Bats and birds increase crop yield in tropical agroforestry landscapes. Ecology Letters, 2013, 16(12): 1480-1487. DOI:10.1111/ele.12194

[142]

Martínez-Jauregui M, Díaz M, Sánchez de Ron D, Soliño M. Plantation or natural recovery? Relative contribution of planted and natural pine forests to the maintenance of regional bird diversity along ecological gradients in southern Europe. Forest Ecology and Management, 2016, 376: 183-192. DOI:10.1016/j.foreco.2016.06.021

[143]

Graham J B, Nassauer J I, Currie W S, Ssegane H, Negri M C. Assessing wild bees in perennial bioenergy landscapes:effects of bioenergy crop composition, landscape configuration, and bioenergy crop area. Landscape Ecology, 2017, 32(5): 1023-1037. DOI:10.1007/s10980-017-0506-y

[144]

Barbaro L, Rusch A, Muiruri E W, Gravellier B, Thiery D, Castagneyrol B. Avian pest control in vineyards is driven by interactions between bird functional diversity and landscape heterogeneity. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2017, 54(2): 500-508. DOI:10.1111/1365-2664.12740

[145]

Tscharntke T, Karp D S, Chaplin-Kramer R, Batáry P, DeClerck F, Gratton C, Hunt L, Ives A, Jonsson M, Larsen A, Martin E A, Martínez-Salinas A, Meehan T D, O'Rourke M, Poveda K, Rosenheim J A, Rusch A, Schellhorn N, Wanger T C, Wratten S, Zhang W. When natural habitat fails to enhance biological pest control-Five hypotheses. Biological Conservation, 2016, 204: 449-458. DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.10.001

[146]

Chocron R, Flather C H, Kadmon R. Bird diversity and environmental heterogeneity in North America:a test of the area-heterogeneity trade-off. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2015, 24(11): 1225-1235. DOI:10.1111/geb.2015.24.issue-11

[147]

Schuler M S, Chase J M, Knight T M. Habitat size modulates the influence of heterogeneity on species richness patterns in a model zooplankton community. Ecology, 2017, 98(6): 1651-1659. DOI:10.1002/ecy.1833

[148]

Sabatier R, Doyen L, Tichit M. Heterogeneity and the trade-off between ecological and productive functions of agro-landscapes:a model of cattle-bird interactions in a grassland agroecosystem. Agricultural Systems, 2014, 126: 38-49. DOI:10.1016/j.agsy.2013.02.008

[149]

Ekroos J, Olsson O, Rundlöf M, Wätzold F, Smith H G. Optimizing agri-environment schemes for biodiversity, ecosystem services or both?. Biological Conservation, 2014, 172: 65-71. DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.02.013

[150]

Cunningham S A, Attwood S J, Bawa K S, Benton T G, Broadhurst L M, Didham R K, McIntyre S, Perfecto I, Samways M J, Tscharntke T, Vandermeer J, Villard M A, Young A G, Lindenmayer D B. To close the yield-gap while saving biodiversity will require multiple locally relevant strategies. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2013, 173: 20-27.