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适宜肥料与改良剂改善盐碱土壤理化特性并提高作物产量

花匠小妙招
2024-11-11 05:30

摘要: 为了构建黄淮海平原盐碱障碍耕地适宜的培肥改土增产技术体系提供理论依据，在黄淮海平原典型轻中度盐碱障碍耕地进行了2 a的施肥试验，探究肥料结合改良剂施用对盐碱障碍耕地的土壤改良与作物增产效应。研究表明：仅依靠提高化肥施用量能够在一定时期内提高作物产量，但是会造成土壤盐分升高，土壤物理性质恶化，不利于盐碱土改良与可持续利用。在适度增施化肥的基础上，结合施用改良剂或有机肥可以明显降低土壤盐分含量，有利于盐碱耕地养分积累，显著提高作物产量：试验进行2 a后小麦产量分别较当地常规施肥提高21.41%和27.72%，分别达到6.35×103和6.68×103 kg/hm2；玉米产量分别较当地常规施肥提高10.44%和12.85%，分别达到7.68×103和7.85×103 kg/hm2。黄淮海平原盐碱障碍农作区应当重视有机肥与改良剂的施用，在降低土壤盐分含量、培肥地力的基础上提高作物产量，实现区域土壤资源可持续利用。该文可为黄淮海平原盐碱障碍耕地的可持续利用提供技术参考。

关键词: 土壤 / 农作物 / 肥料 / 盐碱土壤 / 施肥管理 / 减障增效 / 地力提升

Abstract: Abstract: Some studies about the effects of organic fertilizer and soil modifier have been carried out, from which it can be concluded that organic fertilizer and soil modifier play an important role for the improvement of soil physical and chemical conditions, such as the decrease of soil mass, accumulation of soil nutrition, and increase of crop yields. Very few of the prior studies had systematically explored nutrient models of fertility combined with organic fertilizer or soil modifier, among which even fewer touched upon saline-alkali soil. In this study through a two-year field experiment of fertilizer and modifier, five nutrient models (high fertility, high fertility combined with modifier, high fertility combined with organic fertilizer, local normal fertility (CK) and around average fertility) were designed to research the effects of the application of fertilizer combined with modifier on light-moderate saline soils in the North China Plain. By the study some results could be concluded: 1) Simply relying on improving fertilizer might increase crop yield to some extent in a certain short period of time, but may result in secondary salinization that will restrict the sustainable utilization of saline soil sources, for soil salt content under the condition of high fertility increased obviously after two years of this experiment. Together with an appropriate amount of chemical fertilizer, application of organic fertilizer or modifier could significantly reduce soil salt content: after two years of study, soil salt contents under the condition of high fertility combined with organic fertilizer or high fertility combined with modifier decreased 44.14% and 33.48%, respectively, which showed a significant contrast to the results under the condition of high fertility. 2) High fertility combined with organic fertilizer was propitious not only to the accumulation of organic matter but also to the enhancement of total nitrogen and some available nutrients in the soil, which revealed that after two years of this experiment, available nitrogen and available potassium improved by 11.98% and 4.36%, respectively. Similar results were also reached under the condition of high fertility combined with modifier, for available nitrogen and available potassium improved by 5.97% and 2.04%, respectively, after the two year experiment. 3) Nutrient models of high fertility combined with organic manure or modifier was not only in favor of the accumulation of soil nutrient but was also favorable for the improvement of crop yields: compared with the yields under the condition of normal fertility in the second year of this experiment, yields of wheat reached higher than 6.35×103 kg/hm2, increased by 27.72% and 21.41%, respectively; yields of corn reached higher than 7.68×103 kg/hm2, increased by 12.85% and 10.44%, respectively. 4) Since the nutrient models of high fertility combined with organic fertilizer or soil modifier could reduce soil salt content, increase soil nutrition and improve crop yields significantly, compared with other fertilizer management models in this area, more attention should be paid to the application of organic manure and modifier to reduce soil salinity, increase field productivity and improve yield, which is meaningful for the sustainable utilization of soil resources in the North China plain. 5) Although this study should be pushed forward to reveal the mechanism of the above conclusions, it surely provides a useful reference for fertilizer management in the North China Plain, which is supportive for the formation of a scientific, efficient and sustainable fertilizer manipulation that leads farmers to having a higher income from fields.

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