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三季度的铁皮石斛种植温度条件数据

花匠小妙招
2024-11-11 06:56

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the production of watermelon seedlings irrigated with saline waters and cultivated in different types of environments and substrates. The experimental design was completely randomized with split-split plots, in which the plot corresponded to two growing environments (EN1 = full sun and EN2 = 50% shade black net), the subplot to two types of irrigation water (IW1 = 0.8 and IW2 = 2.5 dS m-1) and the sub-subplot to four types of substrates (SB1 = vermiculite + coconut fiber, SB2 = manure + soil, SB3 = carbonized rice husk + soil, SB4 = biochar + soil), with four replicates of twenty-five seeds. The variables analyzed were: emergence percentage (EP), emergence speed index (ESI), mean time of emergence (MTE), number of leaves (NL), stem diameter (SD), seedling height (SH) and root length (RL), shoot dry mass (SDM), root dry mass (RDM) and total dry mass (TDM). The EN2 treatment provided better conditions for emergence and initial growth, and EN1 was also favorable to the emergence and initial growth of watermelon seedlings, when the substrates SB1 and SB2 were used.

ABSTRACT In the establishment of coffee crops, phosphate fertilization is one of the most important soil fertility managements. Aiming to minimize losses, among the options in use are fertilizers with a slow release of nutrients, combined with the inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This study aimed to evaluate the initial growth of coffee plants inoculated with AMF and submitted to different types of phosphate fertilizers. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, using a complete randomized block design, in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme, with four replications. The first factor referred to the presence or absence of AMF (Rhizophagus clarus) and the second one to phosphate [monoammonium phosphate (MAP)], pelletized organomineral and grainy organomineral fertilizers, as well as a control (without fertilization). The plant height, leaf chlorophyll content, number of plagiotropic branches, leaf area, shoot and root dry matter mass, percentage of root colonization and leaf phosphorus were evaluated. The inoculation with AMF, associated with the pelletized organomineral fertilizer, provided a higher growth for the shoot and root system and higher phosphorus contents, in relation to the other treatments, and it can be an alternative to the implantation or renewal of coffee crops.

Calluna height (cm) at 11 weeks, control and inoculated (liverworts bearing ericoid inoculum). Maximum height = base to top of lead branch; Total height = maximum height plus length of all branches.

Gingko 20-year height plot data from 45 sample plots and 351 occurrence locations. These datasets were used to build and validate a climatic response function for "Predicting growth and habitat responses of Ginkgo biloba L. to climate change." to be published in Annals of Forest Science.

14 images. New Luther Burbank ...horticulturist, with specimens of plants: flowers, trees, etc., 04 December 1951. Herbert Swim, in laboratory, at microscope, with "Bucaneer" rose with picture of hybrid dwarf peach tree, etc.; Hybrid tea rose, showing development of plant; "Bucaneer" bud and open blossom, and picture of tree; seedlings from 6 weeks to 3 1/2 months; plants, showing stem elongation and root growth; hybrid dwarf peach tree.; Caption slip reads: "Photographer: Olmo. Date: 1951-12-04. Reporter: Baker. Assignment: Herbert Swim -- Rose and fruit tree breeder. 13-14: Development of a hybrid peach tree. Left to right: 1) Culture bottle with embryo. 2) Embryo newly transplanted from sterile culture. 3) Root growth from stage (2). 4 & 5) Two successive stages in stem elongation and root growth. 15: Story of development of a hybrid-tea rose. Left to right: 1) 6-weeks old seedling. 2) month older. 3) 2 months older (3 1/2 months old) from stage (3) vine is planted in field. 16: Herbert Swim with one of his hybrid dwarf peach trees. 19: 2 1/2 months after hybrid tea rose planted in field. 20: 'Buccaneer' yellow rose fully grown. 21: Herbert Swim with his 'Buccaneer' yellow rose. 22: Closeup of Herbert Swim with 'Buccaneer'. 23: Herbert Swim with bud and open 'Buccaneer'. 24-26, 27: Herbert Swim at microscope examining embryo of rose seed. 28-29: Herbert Swim placing embryo of seed in bottle culture of agar-agar".

This data set is from an experiment to expose Lepidium Sativum seeds to a hypergravity environment of 2g for 8 days. The data includes samples from four runs in a centrifuge, along with data from four control sets exposed to identical environmental conditions with only 1g of gravity. This data includes the raw data of the measurements in both xlsx and PDF format, a table of the rata, and an image depicting the centrifuge used for the experiment.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of ‘jurema-branca’ seedlings (Piptadenia stipulacea (Benth.) Ducke.), irrigated with effluent from fish farming in order to meet the nutritional demand in the initial growth stage. The treatments consisted in the dilution of fish farming wastewater in different concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) with supply water. Seeds were sown in 0.9-L polyethylene bag containing a mixture of soil and manure. At 54 days after sowing the shoot length, stem diameter, height/diameter ratio, number of leaves, leaf area, unit leaf area, dry matter of stem, leaves, shoots, roots and total, chlorophyll content index and Dickson quality index were evaluated. The growth of ‘jurema-branca’ seedlings is favored by the dilution of 25% of fish farming wastewater in the supply water. Using up to 25% of the concentration of the fish farming effluent does not significantly affect the dry biomass accumulation in ‘jurema-branca’ seedlings, in relation to the control. The reuse of fish farming wastewater diluted at proportion of up to 25% is a viable alternative to meet the water demand in the production of forest seedlings.

ABSTRACT Phenology, girth trunk increment and cambial activity of Cedrela fissilis (Meliaceae) individuals were monthly evaluated in two distinct units of the Atlantic Forest (Ombrophilous Dense and Mixed forests), in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Readings of 24 individuals were assessed by activity index, permanent band dendrometers, and periodic samplings of cambial tissue. The girth increment rhythm is seasonal, it begins after total leaf blade expansion and is suspended when mature leaves are in advanced senescence and/or absent. Statistical analysis shows significant relationships between girth increment, climatic variables and phenology. The species presents annual growth rings and intra-annual anatomical fluctuations. Its vegetative phenology seems to be more strongly driven by day length and temperature than by precipitation.

ABSTRACT Salt stress affects the production of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seedlings. However, substrates with alternative materials in their composition can mitigate the harmful effects on the formation of watermelon seedlings. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the emergence and production of watermelon seedlings grown in different substrates under salt stress. The research was conducted in an agricultural greenhouse belonging to the Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Redenção, Ceará, Brazil. The experimental design used was completely randomized in a split-plot scheme. The plots were five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw: 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 dS m-1) and the subplots consisted of two formulations of substrates (SB1: sandy soil + sand + bovine manure; and SB2: sandy soil + sand + biochar; both in a 1:1:1 proportion on volume basis), with five repetitions of 25 seeds. The increase in the electrical conductivity of irrigation water from 1.5 dS m-1 reduces the percentage, speed index, and mean speed of emergence and increases the mean time of emergence of the watermelon crop. Substrate formulated with biochar reduces the time and increases the emergence indexes, besides enabling higher growth and biomass accumulation of watermelon seedlings. Salt stress reduces the growth, biomass, and quality of watermelon seedlings, but with less intensity with the addition of biochar.

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of fertigation with humic substances, with and without the addition of plant extracts, on the root system of the 'BRS Princesa' banana cultivar. The banana crop was cultivated at a spacing of 2.0 x 2.5 m and fertigated using a drip system in a dystrocohesive Yellow Latosol. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a split-split-plot scheme with five replicates, for the following factors: humic substance doses and presence of a plant extract formulation. The treatments consisted of five doses of humic substances, based on a reference dose of 14.14 L ha-1 cycle-1, in the presence and absence of plant extract. The variable root length (cm) was subjected to variance analyses to evaluate the effect of the humic substances, either isolated or in interaction with plant extract and soil depth. The use of the plant extract increased the effect of the humic substance on root length but overshadowed its effect for the different doses of humic substance. Root length was not sensitive to increasing humic substance dose with plant extract for doses of up to 42.42 L ha-1at 0 - 0.40 m depth.

This experiment was done over two days at York University's Grasslands and Woodlots. On the first day, researcher's went to the Grassland's and found 20 Maple tree's. There were tree's found on the edge of the Grassland's and some near the middle area. After numbering 20 Maple tree's the researchers measured the distance from 1 of the 20 tree's to three of the closest tree's found near the Maple. This was done using a trasect tape. So the researcher would take the tape and put it on the edge of 1 Maple tree and measure the distance to the edge of any tree close to it. This was done for a total of 3 tree's that were closest to the original Maple tree. Next the researcher plucked off 3 leaves from the original Maple tree and measured its length using a centimeter ruler. The measurement was taken from the top of the leaf to just before the stem (so stem not incuded). Then the researcher had to calculate the percent open space by making a rectangle shape with his/her hand and putting it above the original tree to estimate how much light could be seen. This value was a percentage, so the researcher madean estimation. This whole procedure was done for a total of 20 seperate tree's so for the second, third, fourth...until the twentieth tree the researcher calculated the distance to 3 tree's, the leaf length and open space. On the second day the exact same procedure was done on 20 Maple tree's in the Woodlots.

Casuarina tree is used typically as windbreaks in farms that surrounded by dunes. Moreover, it can play a significant role in inhibiting nearby vegetation growth. In this dataset, Allelopathic effect of Casuarina equisetifolia-L on germination of four selected plant crops (Maize, lentil, Mustard, and Wheat) was studied. Lab and field experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of Casuarina equisetifolia leaf on seed germination and seedling growth. Various concentrations of leaf extract were prepared and used (0, 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5%) in the lab experiment. While in the greenhouse, leaf powder was mixed with soil at concentrations of (0, 15, 30 and 45 g.kg-1 soil). Results revealed that aqueous leaf extract of Casuarina equisetifolia-L affected significantly on seed germination of all selected plant crops under laboratory condition. It was observed that inhibition of 5% was high compared with the control. In addition, the findings showed that leaf extract of Casuarina had a maximum inhibitory effect on root growth more than shoot of the studied seedling. Greenhouse experiments demonstrated that C. equisetifolia exhibited significant allelopathic activity on wheat germination based on all treatments. However, Casuarina leaf extracts presented a positive effect on Mustard germination and growth, while Wheat seeds were negatively affected by all treatments. The pH and the electrical conductivity (EC) of soil were examined with a relative reduction in pH and marked an increase in (EC). Casuarina tree exhibited a relatively negative effect on the selected plant crops.

Data and 3-way ANOVA for Effect of AMF and Penicillium on growth and tolerance of two tomato cultivars treated with Verticillium dahliae

The dataset contains eight spreadsheets presenting the seasonal growth of the apple tree (Malus domestica, Fuji Variety grafted on M9 rootstock) organs growing according to three conditions of carbon assimilate availability: trees in normal field conditions (FRU); trees in which fruit competition for carbohydrates was minimized by heavy thinning (THI); trees in which vegetative competition was minimized by complete fruit removal (DEF). Trees are grown in the Trentino Alto Adige apple production area, Northern Italy. The dataset includes information on primary and secondary shoot growth, secondary trunk growth, fruit growth. It includes monitoring of tagged plant organs and a concurrent characterization of the same organ types sampled from other trees following the same treatments. Observations contain information useful for hierarchical data treatment, such as tree, branch and shoot numbers or canopy level (Low, Middle, High), as well as information such as treatment, sampling date, the day of the year of the measurements, and the corresponding daily accumulated growing degree days (GDD), calculated from air temperature.

For sugar beet growth models, knowledge of the development of the photosynthetically active leaf apparatus with its up to more than 50 individual leaves per beet plant as a source of assimilate production is very important. Because the measurement using leaf area index (LAI) meters from above allows only a limited measurement and does not cover the total leaf area of all existing individual leaves, it is necessary to carry out manually leaf area measurements for individual sugar beet plants over the whole growth period without destroying the leaves. For this reason, a special measuring methodology was developed and applied. On the experimental fields of the Research Centre for Soil Fertility Müncheberg (FZB Müncheberg) (location: 52°01`N, 14°07`E, 14°07`Eastern latitude; location type: D 2a; soil type: sandy-loamy soil; German soil quality index: 26; average (1951-1981) annual precipitation: 544 mm; average (1951-1981) annual temperature: 8.2°C) leaf area measurements were carried out in different experiments with sugar beets between 1979 and 1982. In each experimental variant, the leaf areas of 8 individual plants were measured between emergence and harvesting of the sugar beet at intervals of approximately 7 days. Between end of May and mid-October usually about 20 measurements were realized. The leaf area is given in cm2 per sugar beet plant. Experiments with different crop densities (60,000, 80,000 and 100,000 sugar beet plants per hectare) as well as without and with irrigation (based on pen evaporation or based on model-added irrigation scheduling system EDV-BB) were taken into account.

The concept of the heat unit (or degree day), known since the mid-18th century already, revolves around the development of a plants or organism`s being dependent upon the accumulated heat to which it was subjected during its lifetime, or else during a certain developmental stage. This measure of accumulated heat is known as physiological time. In general it holds that the lower the temperature, the slower the rate of growth and development of plants and invertebrate animals and the amount of heat required to complete a given organism's development does not vary. Physiological time is usually expressed and approximated in units of degree days, also popularly called heat units, where these are an accumulation of mean temperatures above a certain lower threshold value and below an upper developmental threshold (above which growth is considered to remain static or even decline), over a period of time. The degree day concept is not without its limitations. These include that, a linear relationship is assumed between growth and temperature, threshold temperatures may change during the life cycle of a crop or Pest, temperatures exceeding the upper threshold may, in fact, have a detrimental/negative effect on development. Derivation over South Africa of heat units were done by calculating degree days for the daily temperature fluctuations that occur in nature is a difficult task1 and several methods of differing complexities, all approximations of the actual degree days accumulated, are available. These range from degree hours, sine and triangular methods based on hourly temperatures, as well as so-called cut-off methods when the upper threshold of temperature is reached. To estimate heat units (HUs) over South Africa, the 50 year time series of daily maximum and minimum temperatures (Tmxd, Tmnd), generated at each of the 429 700 raster points covering the area at 1` x 1` latitude/longitude, was used (Schulze and Maharaj, 2004). The generation of this time series is described in Section 2a. HUs was computed for each day for a threshold temperature of 10 degree Celsius, i.e. HU = [(Tmxd + Tmnd) / 2 - 10] for HU ≥ 0.0 This method is a considerable advance on the computation of HUs in the previous version of this Atlas (Schulze, 1997), in which HUs were calculated from regression derived monthly means of Tmx and Tmn. From these daily values, monthly as well as seasonal and annual HUs and their standard deviations, could be calculated and mapped.

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effects of liquid fertilizers (LF) with farm-derived renewable resources on biological activities and chemical attributes of the soil and fruit in an open-field tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme) experiment conducted in South Korea in the 2019 growing season. The LF treatments included bone+fish meal (BF), fish+phosphoric acid (FP), sesame oil (SO), starfish (SF), nontreatment (NT) as control, and oil cake (OC) as an organic fertilizer, fertigating two times per week during the growing season. The pH in LF ranged between 7.4 and 8.3, and electrical conductivity in the LF was the highest on SF (0.69 dS·m-1), SO (0.64 dS·m-1), and BF (0.45 dS·m-1). Total amount of total-N supplied was the highest for SF (679 mg·plant-1), SO (654 mg), and BF (333 mg). The number of some invertebrates was increased by the BF and SF treatments. Earthworm biomass was significantly increased by the SF treatment. The NT and OC treatments reduced operational taxonomic units and the richness estimator of Chao1 and ACE. Seasonal SPAD and PS II values in the leaves were reduced on the FP-plants on 45 and 60 days after fertigation. The SF treatment increased fruit fresh weight and fruit yield to 4.2 kg per plant, with similar results observed for BF-treated plants. Fruit yield efficiency was improved by the BF treatment, followed by SO and SF among all the treatment. Starfish would be the promising LF for use as a supplemental nutrient amendment to increase agroecosystem health, nutrient availability, and fruit productivity.

The concept of the heat unit (or degree day), known since the mid-18th century already, revolves around the development of a plants or organism`s being dependent upon the accumulated heat to which it was subjected during its lifetime, or else during a certain developmental stage. This measure of accumulated heat is known as physiological time. In general it holds that the lower the temperature, the slower the rate of growth and development of plants and invertebrate animals and the amount of heat required to complete a given organism`s development does not vary. Physiological time is usually expressed and approximated in units of degree days, also popularly called heat units, where these are an accumulation of mean temperatures above a certain lower threshold value and below an upper developmental threshold (above which growth is considered to remain static or even decline), over a period of time. The degree day concept is not without its limitations. These include that, a linear relationship is assumed between growth and temperature, threshold temperatures may change during the life cycle of a crop or Pest, temperatures exceeding the upper threshold may, in fact, have a detrimental/negative effect on development. Derivation over South Africa of heat units were done by calculating degree days for the daily temperature fluctuations that occur in nature. These range from degree hours, sine and triangular methods based on hourly temperatures, as well as so-called cut-off methods when the upper threshold of temperature is reached. To estimate heat units (HUs) over South Africa, the 50 year time series of daily maximum and minimum temperatures (Tmxd, Tmnd), generated at each of the 429 700 raster points covering the area at 1` x 1` latitude/longitude, was used (Schulze and Maharaj, 2004). The generation of this time series is described in Section 2a. HUs was computed for each day for a threshold temperature of 10 degree Celsius, i.e. HU = [(Tmxd + Tmnd) / 2 - 10] for HU ≥ 0.0 This method is a considerable advance on the computation of HUs in the previous version of this Atlas (Schulze, 1997), in which HUs were calculated from regression derived monthly means of Tmx and Tmn. From these daily values, monthly as well as seasonal and annual HUs and their standard deviations, could be calculated and mapped.

ABSTRACT: Jatropha has emerged as a source of power generation in the semiarid region of Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate, using geostatistics, the spatial variability of stem diameter, plant height and seed weight of jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) grown under rain fed conditions in Serra Talhada, Pernambuco state, Brazil. At 545, 905 and 1265 days after sowing (DAS), the stem diameter and plant height of 340 plants were measured with a digital caliper and a tape measure. At 545 DAS, the fruits of 306 plants were collected, the seeds extracted and their weights measured with a precision balance. For each date analyzed, the spatial dependence of the plant characteristics was evaluated from the adjustment of the experimental semivariogram. The spherical model was adjusted for modeling the spatial distribution of cultural parameters. The range of plant height reduced by an average of 37% from 545 DAS when compared to 905 and 1265 DAS, while for the stem diameter this parameter remained practically constant. Geostatistics can be employed to assist in future sampling and to identify areas with different patterns that can occur in the jatropha planting.

Increasing [CO2] may influence commercial crop and timber yield. While selection of genotypes sensitive to elevated [CO2] (e[CO2]) appears possible in agricultural crops, there is limited evidence for genotype-by-CO2 (G×CO2) interactions in commercial tree species. We examined [CO2] responsiveness in 124 open-pollinated Eucalyptus globulus subspecies globulus (E. globulus) families with the aim of assessing whether G×CO2 interactions are detectable in seedlings for early-age screening. Plants were grown in ambient (a[CO2]; ~405 μmol mol-1) and e[CO2] (640 μmol mol-1) and harvested 25 days after germination. Total, shoot and root dry weights were determined for each plant. Carbon isotopic discrimination against 13C (Δ13C) was determined at the family level. We observed highly significant (p<0.0001) increases in mean total, shoot, and root dry weights. Mixed-model equations were used to estimate the main and interaction effects of the G×CO2 for each mass trait. The main effects from the mixed model output ([CO2] and individual-tree effects) were significant for all traits. However, [CO2]-by-individual tree interactions were non-significant for all traits, indicating little G×CO2 interaction. A secondary aim was to examine the correlation between greenhouse and mature-age growth from breeding trials that use common families conducted under ambient [CO2]. These correlations were non-significant, suggesting early growth is not necessarily indicative of later-age responses. Our results suggest that while early growth of E. globulus is enhanced under e[CO2], genotypes respond relatively uniformly to e[CO2] and little opportunity exists for seedling-based selection at the population level based upon the response of plants during the first weeks of growth.