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中生代昆虫植食性和植物防御机制:基于对道虎沟植物群银杏类和本内苏铁类化石的初步研究（英文）

花匠小妙招
2024-11-11 08:31

中生代昆虫植食性和植物防御机制:基于对道虎沟植物群银杏类和本内苏铁类化石的初步研究（英文）

【摘要】：The history of plant-insect interactions can be traced to the late Silurian–Middle Devonian,when herbivory originated and diversified.During the Late Pennsylvanian(ca.318–299 Ma),insect herbivory expanded.The end of the Cretaceous to Paleogene is also a conspicuous interval when the most intensive insect damage and the highest number of damage types were represented,probably due to global warm conditions and the rise of angiosperm-dominated forests.However,reports on middle Mesozoic plant-insect interactions remains limited.The middle–late Mesozoic spans that interval when gymnosperms were gradually replaced by angiosperms as the dominant plants,deeply influencing insect herbivores.The Late Jurassic is also marked by significant climatic events represented by the overall warming of the climate,affecting the origin and differential,extinction or survival of plants and insects,as well as the variety of their interactions in variable degrees.Therefore,further in-depth research on plant-insect interactions from the middle Mesozoic localities is needed to better understand insect herbivory,plant defense,and climate change during this interval.In this research,fossil ginkgoalean and bennettitalean leaves from Daohugou Flora were chosen as plant hosts.It indicates that,in Daohugou Biota,plant and insects have close interactions,over 25% of the Ginkgoales and Bennettitales leaves endured variable degrees of damage.Seven damage types(DTs) attributable to four functional feeding groups(FFGs) have been identified.Margin feeding is the most common,followed by surface feeding,hole feeding and oviposition,indicating the common presence of insects with chewing mouthparts,including members of Orthoptera,Neuroptera and some Hymenoptera.The occurrence of surface feeding and hole feeding on fossil leaves indicates the occurrence of insects with sponging and piercing-sucking mouthparts.The Ginkgoales leaves suffered less insect damage than the Bennettitales leaves,both in damage frequency and richness,probably owing to the chemical defenses of the ginkgoalean leaves.It is confirmed that extant Ginkgo leaves produce 2-hexenal,a chemical used in insecticides,to repel larvae,which enables Ginkgo leaves resistant to insects.Fossil taxa of the Ginkgoales are similar to the extant Ginkgo biloba in epidermal anatomy,indicating that the ginkgoaleans from the geologic past probably had similar life strategies and environmental tolerances to the extant species.Physical defenses were present as well.Pterophyllum leaves sustained the least insect damage,possibly because of the compactly arranged segments and densely distributed veins on the leaf surface.Anomozamites have also developed a shaggy indumentum on abaxial surface and long stiff hairs along the rachis to protect them from herbivores.

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