茶树养分综合管理与减肥增效技术研究
摘要： 茶叶产业是我国南方具有比较优势的特色农业和农民增收的支柱产业,但是我国当前茶园施肥中存在较多问题,主要表现为过量施肥、茶树专用肥占比少、有机养分替代率较低和表面撒施等落后施用方法,造成养分损失大、生产成本升高、环境风险增大。针对这些问题,本文从精准养分用量、有机肥替代部分化肥、调整肥料结构、改进施肥方法和配套土壤改良等5个方面总结提出了茶园养分综合管理技术策略,建立了茶园氮素总量控制、磷钾基准配比和用量基准,提出有机肥替代部分化肥的适宜比例与技术,研制茶树专用肥基础配方和稳铵缓释功能性肥料,改进优化追肥时期、深施与机械施肥相结合的施肥方法。茶园养分综合管理技术在农民/合作社生产茶园示范应用过程中节本增效效果显著。
关键词: 茶树, 养分综合管理, 减肥, 氮素总量控制, 养分基准配比
Abstract: Tea is an important agricultural industry with great comparative advantage in southern China. However, there are some problems in tea fertilization inducing large nutrient loss, higher production cost and environmental risks. These problems are mainly excessive nutrient input, low proportion of specialized compound fertilizer for tea, low substitution rate of organic nutrients and low efficient application methods such as surface broadcasting. This paper summarized previous results and formulated a technical strategy of integrated nutrient management in tea plantation (INMT) including optimizing nutrient input amounts, properly replacing part of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizers, choosing right fertilizer products, improving fertilization methods and ameliorating soil properties. Optimization of nutrient input amounts was achieved by controlling whole annual N input on the basis of tea type and yield level, and P and K on their relevant ratio to N and soil test if available. Limits of top input for these nutrients were suggested. Reasonable replacement ratio of organic fertilizer was recommended at 25%-50% of the total N input. A compound fertilizer with specialized formula for tea was developed and tested in more than 70 plantations across the main tea producing areas, efficiently increasing yield and quality while saving nutrient input. Fertilizer application was improved through changing topdressing period and adopting deep and mechanical application.Integrated nutrient management of tea was evaluated in 9 farmers’ and cooperative tea plantations. The average yield was increased by 9% in contrast with 42% reduction of average nutrient input. The tea quality was maintained or improved as indicated by slightly increased contents of amino acids and tea polyphenols.
Key words: Camellia sinensis, integrated nutrient management, reduction of chemical fertilizer, total nitrogen supply strategy, NPK relevant ratio
中图分类号:
S571.1
S154.1
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