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间（套）作对棉田病虫害的防控效应及其风险控制

花匠小妙招
2024-11-13 03:28

棉花是我国重要的大田经济作物,在国民经济中占有举足轻重的地位,也是病虫害发生最为严重的大田作物之一。病虫害一直是制约棉花高产、稳产的关键因子,每年可造成棉花产量损失15%~20%,严重时高达30%~50%[1]。长期以来棉花病虫害的防控主要依赖于化学农药,虽然能够取得可靠的防治效果,但长期使用容易导致棉田害虫抗药性提高,天敌种群数量下降,自然控害能力减弱,棉田生态环境污染[2]。近十几年来,随着人们生态环保意识的增强,生态防治日益得到重视和深入研究[3]。其中,利用作物间（套）作增加多样性是生态防病治虫的一条重要途径[4]。根据作物与病虫害的关系和防治目的等,将不同作物科学搭配,实行间作、套种或混种,例如:把毒杀、驱除害虫、诱集天敌或者具有抑菌作用的作物种植在经营作物的行间,一方面可达到减轻病虫危害、减少农药使用的效果[5,6,7,8];另一方面可以在充分利用自然条件和资源的基础上,增加田间多样性,使作物产量高且更稳定,实现较高经济效益[9,10,11,12]。就棉花而言,与其他作物间作套种通常可以增加间作体系的产量和经济效益,而不影响棉花品质[13,14];同时,间作植物可以驱除棉田害虫、吸引天敌或为天敌提供避难所,减少棉田害虫种群[15,16,17,18]。因此,棉田间作套种既是解决棉花与粮食和其它经济作物争地矛盾的好办法,也是改变棉田天敌群落结构,控制病虫害发生的重要途径[3,19-22]。然而,利用棉田间作套种防控病虫害也存在一定的风险,例如:与棉花间作的冬枣可以为棉花害虫绿盲蝽提供适宜的越冬场所,增加棉田越冬害虫基数;棉花红腐病菌不仅危害棉花,还危害水稻、麦类、玉米、高粱、甘蔗、甜菜等作物,棉花与这些作物间作可能会加重棉花红腐病的发生。本文结合当前已发表的研究成果,就作物间（套）作对棉田病虫害的控制效应及其风险控制作一总结性评述,对应用间作套种治理棉花病虫害的应用前景、亟需解决的问题进行展望和论述,以期为有效利用间（套）作进行棉田病虫害生态防控提供支持。

1 作物间（套）作对棉田病虫害的防控效应

棉田间作模式多种多样,在中国主要有棉粮间作（棉花与玉米、大豆等间作）、棉油间作（棉花与花生、芝麻等间作）、棉瓜间作（棉花与西瓜、甜瓜等间作）、棉菜间作（棉花与西红柿、白菜等间作）和棉果间作（棉花与冬枣等间作）等模式。另外,棉花与小麦、油菜、大蒜和马铃薯等冬季作物套种也是重要的棉田复种方式[23,24,25,26]。棉花病害主要有炭疽病、猝倒病、枯萎病、黄萎病、红叶茎枯病和铃病等,其中以枯萎病、黄萎病发生最为严重;棉铃虫、蚜虫、棉叶螨和棉盲蝽均为棉花的主要害虫[1,27]。合理的棉田间（套）作模式通常会对病虫害起到防控作用（

表1

）。对棉田害虫发生不利的间（套）作模式,能够干扰害虫赖以寻找寄主的视觉或嗅觉刺激从而影响害虫对寄主植物的定向,可以保育棉田天敌,增加益害比,或起到诱集、驱避棉田害虫的作用;同时,高大的非寄主植物可作为隐藏寄主植物的屏障来增加病虫定殖的难度,也可减少病虫为害[28,29,30]。总结现有研究,间（套）作对棉花病虫害的影响通常表现在4个方面,参见

图1

。

表1 棉花和不同作物间（套）作对棉田病虫害发生程度和天敌数量产生的影响

Table 1 The occurrence of cotton pests and diseases as well as the number of natural enemies as affected by intercropping of cotton with different crops

间（套）作作物
Intercropping crops 控害主要方式
The main way of controlling pests 主要害虫
Major pests 主要天敌
Major natural enemies 主要病害
Major disease 参考文献
Reference A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q 小麦
Triticum aestivum 保育天敌
Conservation of natural - + + + + - - [7, 31-34] 玉米
Zea mays
诱集害虫、保育天敌
Trapping pests and conserving natural enemies - - - o o + + [3, 5-6] 高粱
Sorghum bicolor 吸引天敌
Attracting natural enemies - - + + + + + [5, 30] 油菜
Brassica napus 吸引天敌
Attracting natural enemies - - + + [2, 6, 35] 大蒜
Garlic 驱避害虫
Repelling pests - - - - - - [6, 36-37] 苜蓿
Medicago Sativa 保育天敌
Protect natural enemies - - - + + + + - - [38-42] 绿豆
Vigna radiata 诱集害虫、保育天敌
Trapping pests and conserving natural enemies - - o + + [3, 5, 41-43] 豇豆
Vigna unguiculata 诱集害虫
Traping pests - [41-42] 杏
Armeniaca vulgaris 改变田间小气候
Altering field microclimate - - - + + + [24, 44] 扁桃
Amygdalus
communis 改变田间小气候
Altering the field microclimate - [26] 向日葵
Helianthus annuus 吸引天敌
Attracting natural enemies o o + + [3] 胡萝卜
Daucus carota 驱避害虫
Repelling pests - - [6] 香草
Herb 驱避害虫
Repelling pests - [45] 红枣
Jujube + [46] 冬枣
Winter jujube + [47-48]注:A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H、I、J、K、L、M、N、O、P、Q分别代表棉蚜、棉铃虫、玉米螟、棉盲蝽、棉叶螨、棉蓟马、瓢虫、蚜茧蜂、食虫蝽、草蛉、小花蝽、食蚜蝇、蜘蛛、苗病、枯萎病、黄萎病和铃病;“+”表示与单作棉田相比,间（套）作棉田棉花害虫、病害发生加重或天敌数量增加;“-” 表示与单作棉田相比,间（套）作棉田棉花害虫、病害发生减轻或天敌数量减少;“o”表示与单作棉田相比,间（套）作棉田棉花害虫、病害发生或天敌数量无显著变化;空白处表示未明确。Note:A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P and Q represent Aphis gossypii, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), cotton plant bugs, cotton spider mites, cotton thrips, ladybird, aphid parasitoids, predatory bugs, lacewing, Orius spp., syrphid flies, spider, seedling disease, fusarium wilt, verticillium wilt and boll rot, respectively; "+" indicates an increase in the pests, diseases or natural enemies in the intercropped compared with the monocultured cotton field; "-" indicates an decrease in the pests, diseases or natural enemies in the intercropped compared with the monocultured cotton field; "o" indicates that there is no significant change in the pests, diseases or natural enemies in the intercropped compared with the monocultured cotton field; blank space indicates that it is not clear.

图1 间（套）作影响棉田病虫害发生的主要作用模式①、②、③、④、⑤分别表示合理间作套种防控棉田病虫害发生的主要作用途径。

Fig. 1 Model charts of intercropping in mediating the occurrence of diseases and pests in cotton fields

①, ②, ③, ④ and ⑤ show different mechanisms of intercropping in preventing and controlling the cotton pests and diseases in fields.

Full size|PPT slide

1.1 吸引天敌或为天敌提供栖息场所,保育棉田天敌

棉花与小麦、玉米、绿豆、向日葵、苜蓿、油菜、高粱等作物间作可起到吸引天敌或为天敌繁育提供场所的作用,利于增加棉田天敌数量,控制和减轻棉田害虫为害。农田节肢动物群落结构与作物时空布局密切相关[49,50,51]。间作棉田植被多样性增加,改变了棉田作物的时空布局,通常能增加棉田节肢动物群落的稳定性,提高天敌节肢动物的种群数量,降低或抑制害虫的种群密度[20,31,52]。棉田周围种植玉米、绿豆和向日葵3种诱集作物,对棉田草蛉、龟纹瓢虫和异色瓢虫均可起到显著的保护增殖作用[3]。棉花与小麦套作,麦田能为天敌提供越冬场所和食源,有利于天敌的繁衍[31,32],可为棉田提供种类多、数量大的天敌群体,尤其是瓢虫类天敌的有效库源[33,53-56]。间作苜蓿的棉田,天敌生态位宽度和主要天敌如蜘蛛类、多异瓢虫与害虫生态位重叠度大于单作棉田,且棉田间作苜蓿能有效吸引棉蚜的捕食者[18],苜蓿也可以为天敌繁衍提供必要的场所,使天敌物种数及个体数增加,较早地迁入并定居于棉田,使得与苜蓿间作的棉田棉蚜的发生期缩短、发生量减少、危害程度减轻,有效地控制害虫为害[38-40,52,57]。棉花与油菜套作,利用油菜生长快、枝叶繁茂、菜蚜发生早等特点,不仅可以招引瓢虫、蚜茧蜂等天敌,使捕食性天敌明显增多,同时还能为这些天敌提供替代猎物、补充营养和过渡场所,有效保育早期棉田天敌、减轻苗蚜的发生为害[2,35]。据山东聊城、河北邯郸、邢台、河南安阳等地的生产实践,棉田套种油菜养瓢治蚜,可使天敌增加15倍或更多,有效起到控制苗蚜、推迟和减轻伏蚜发生的作用[6]。同样,利用绿豆发棵快的特点,棉花与绿豆间作可以在五六月份单作田棉株小、不利于天敌隐蔽、栖息的时期,改善棉田小气候而利于天敌的生存和繁衍,招引瓢虫,增加天敌数量[5,43]。棉花与高粱间作,除瓢虫、草蛉外,还可有效诱集蜘蛛、蚜茧蜂、食蚜蝇、小花蝽等天敌,抑制棉蚜、棉铃虫等害虫的发生为害[5]。

1.2 诱集或驱避棉田害虫,减少为害

除吸引天敌、改善棉田生态结构外,棉田间作玉米、苜蓿、绿豆、豇豆等害虫更喜食或选择的寄主植物还可显著诱集棉田害虫,减少害虫对棉花的为害。如:棉花与玉米间作,玉米可以诱集棉铃虫、玉米螟产卵,减少棉株上的害虫落卵量,从而减轻此类害虫对棉田的危害与玉米间作的棉花被害率仅为0.5%,显著低于单作棉花被害率（5%~9%）[5,6];苜蓿、绿豆、豇豆、饭豇豆与棉花间作均可有效诱集棉盲蝽,减轻棉盲蝽对棉花的为害,且在饭豇豆上中黑盲蝽若虫的存活率仅为20%[41,42]。而将棉花与有特殊气味的作物,如大蒜、胡萝卜、香草等间（套）作,可直接有效驱避棉田害虫、减轻为害。大蒜挥发的大蒜素具有辛辣气味,可显著驱避棉蚜为害,胡萝卜对蚜虫也具有忌避作用,在棉田间作大蒜或胡萝卜,棉蚜可减少11%~87%,减少棉花卷叶率30~35百分点,减少用药3~4次[6];间作大蒜还可明显减轻棉花上二代棉铃虫的发生[5];香草与棉花间作,对前期发生的有翅棉蚜具有直接驱避作用,可减少棉株上的蚜虫基数[45]。

1.3 改变田间小气候,降低害虫种群密度

通过间作而引起的棉田害虫发生情况发生改变的因素是多方面的。间作生态系统在受光结构、通风、湿度、温度方面与单作田相比存在明显变化[58,59]。部分间作作物（如矮秆作物、果树等）虽不会直接对棉田害虫或天敌产生吸引或驱避的作用,但它们会对棉田的温度、湿度、风速、光照等气候因素产生较大影响[26,60-61]。而气候因素（温度、湿度、风速、光照等）是影响昆虫种群数量变动主要外部条件之一[12,24],势必造成间作棉田害虫种群与单作棉田的差异:一方面,直接作用于棉花害虫的发育与存活而影响其种群密度;另一方面,通过影响天敌的种群密度、作物长势等,间接地影响害虫的发生。如,棉花与扁桃间作模式下与棉花单作种植模式下牧草盲蝽种群发生动态基本一致,种群数量和密度均无显著差异,而由于间作棉田小气候的改变,百株累计虫量及棉铃被害率在扁桃棉花间作模式下均显著降低[26]。路献勇等对棉花与糯玉米间作模式下蚜虫种群数量的时序动态系统调查结果表明,单作间作田蚜虫种群数量的时序变化趋势基本一致,但在蚜虫发生高峰期,间作田有翅蚜及无翅蚜数量均显著低于棉花、糯玉米单作[30]。温度和湿度也明显影响棉盲蝽的种群增长,其中旬平均温湿度是影响棉盲蝽种群增长的主要因素[62]。杏棉间作棉田较单作棉田的气温、地表温度和风速明显降低,空气相对湿度提高[63],使得杏棉间作棉田牧草盲蝽发生量显著降低,且不利于棉蓟马和棉长管蚜种群在棉田的发生[24,44]。

1.4 间（套）作有利于控制棉花病害

棉花与其他作物合理间作,可以在有效控制棉田虫害的同时,对棉花病害起到显著的预防控制作用。其一,合理间（套）作可控制病毒传毒媒介蚜虫、烟粉虱等害虫,在减少其对棉花直接取食为害的同时,又可以降低病毒病在棉田发生的风险;适当的宽幅间（套）作还可以在一定程度上起到阻隔气流传播病原菌在棉田传播为害的作用。其二,间作作物自身的代谢物质可抑制病害。如:大蒜的根系分泌物可以直接或间接对棉花病害的发生起到抑制作用[36],与大蒜间作棉田的棉花枯萎病和黄萎病较单作棉田均显著减轻[39];胡萝卜根系分泌物对棉苗立枯病菌与很强的抑制作用,与胡萝卜间作可有效减轻棉花立枯病的发病率[6];毛苕子、沙打旺等根系分泌物能有效地破坏病菌氧化酶系统,扰乱病菌代谢过程,对棉花根腐病菌可起到抑制作用[6]。其三,与禾谷类作物轮作或合理的间（套）作,可减少棉花土传病害的病原菌数量,降低病害发生与严重程度,实行小麦-棉花、甘蓝-棉花、西瓜-棉花、甜瓜-棉花间作套种,对预防棉花烂铃也有显著效果[34,64]。另外,土壤线虫是棉花枯萎病、黄萎病发生的重要诱因,而棉花与花生轮作可有效防治棉花南方根结线虫,减少下一季棉花根结数量;同时,棉花是许多主要侵染花生的根结线虫的非寄主植物,从控制根结线虫的角度出发,棉花与花生轮作对2种作物都有益[65]。

2 棉田间（套）作生态防治病虫害的局限和风险

棉田合理间（套）作可以显著减少或控制病虫害的发生,但棉田间（套）作模式在防控病虫害方面的应用也存在一定的局限,不合理的间（套）作模式可能会增加病虫害发生的风险（

表1

）。

2.1 时效有限,人工投入增加

可有效控制棉田害虫发生的一些间（套）作模式也存在诸多限制因素。其一,棉田天敌增益持效期短。如:麦棉套作模式下,麦田能为天敌提供越冬场所和食源,增加棉田天敌基数,但麦收后随着时间的延长,棉田增益作用减弱[54];华北棉区多样化套间作系统内,苗蚜和二代棉铃虫发生轻,但伏蚜和三代棉铃虫发生重,天敌和害虫群落的生产力均增加,但天敌控害效能较差[51]。其二,通过种植害虫诱集作物减少棉田害虫人工投入往往加大。如:通过种植玉米诱集玉米螟、棉铃虫等产卵进行防治时,需要大面积连片种植玉米,并及时在棉铃虫、玉米螟发蛾盛期每天早晨5―6时捉蛾采卵,或玉米螟危害盛期过后拔除玉米株并带出田外,才可达到有效防治的目的,否则会加重危害[6];与苜蓿间作可有效诱集棉盲蝽,但要经常收割苜蓿以保持其旺盛的长势,且需要大量喷施杀虫剂处理苜蓿上的棉盲蝽[42]。其三,传统间（套）作模式往往阻碍机械化的推行[66]。种、管、收全程机械化是作物生产的必然发展趋势,传统棉田间作套种不利于推行机械化,特别是增加了机械植保的难度。另外,对于间作诱集作物的品种、播种时间、种植方式也有较高要求。如棉田间作种植油菜诱集带,主要是利用油菜上的蚜虫等害虫吸引和繁殖自然天敌,这既要求油菜上的植食性昆虫不会为害棉花,发生数量尽可能大,又要求油菜与棉花的共生期尽可能短,以免影响棉花生长[2]。

2.2 为病虫害发生提供有利条件,有可能加重某些病虫为害

通过与其他作物间（套）作,调整作物布局,在增加物种多样性,改变棉田天敌群落结构的同时,可能加重棉田病虫为害。一方面,寄主植物资源质量的局部变化会严重影响整体的种群动态,一些作物可能对害虫起到保护作用[17,67],或者使田间通风透光条件变差,使田间小气候更利于病虫害的发生而导致其为害加重[60]。在新疆阿克苏地区,红枣与棉花间作时,棉花收获后,棉叶螨可在枣树落叶或树皮缝隙中越冬,间作的枣树给棉叶螨生存提供了有利条件,使得其越冬基数加大,发生危害日趋严重[46,60];在山东东营市,棉花与冬枣间作模式给绿盲蝽提供了良好的食物来源,导致其为害加重[47,48]。另一方面,棉花病害的病原可以寄生多种寄主植物,当棉花与这些寄主作物间（套）作时,会增加棉花病害发生的风险。如黄萎病病原菌的寄主植物除棉花外,还有芝麻、豌豆、马铃薯、甘薯、甜菜、辣椒等,在棉花与这些作物实行间（套）轮作时,可能会增加病原生物群体数量,加重病害发生[68]。

2.3 作物群体结构复杂,增加了病虫害防治难度

棉花间（套）作模式增加了田间作物物种多样性,使棉田作物群体结构更为复杂,不同间作作物的生长性状、抗药性能、适用药剂的种类等方面的差异,及其对害虫在田间分布的影响,均是间（套）作棉田病虫害防治应考虑的内容;不同作物病虫的种类、耐药性、防治方法和防治适期均存在差异,病虫害防治时须对二者分开进行施药,而且对害虫来讲,对其中一种作物施药时,另一种作物便成为其避难场所,大大增加了间（套）作棉田病虫害防治的难度[60]。如:对西瓜和棉花适用杀虫剂的限制不同,使得棉花与西瓜间作系统的管理程序更为复杂[69]。棉花与冬枣间作,会加重棉盲蝽为害,且冬枣与棉花防治病虫害对所施药剂的毒性要求不同,不利于植保技术实施;此外,化学除草剂使用不当易对枣树产生药害,或是因除草不彻底造成田间杂草发生多且重,加重棉叶螨等害虫的发生[60]。

3 展望

随着对棉田生态环境的日益重视,基于棉田间作套种的棉花病虫害生态治理备受关注。合理的间作套种可以通过保育或吸引天敌增加天敌数量、诱集或驱避害虫、改变田间小气候影响天敌和害虫的生长发育,进而起到控制棉花虫害的作用;也可以通过作物根系分泌物抑制病原生长繁殖进而控制棉花病害发生发展。但是,一方面间作套种只是棉花病虫害综合防治的手段之一,具有一定的时效性,需要配合不同的管理措施,如当病虫害发生达到经济阈值时,仍应结合化学防治方法进行有效控制;另一方面,间作套种增加物种多样性的同时也增加了某些病虫害发生的风险,需要引起足够重视。为充分发挥棉田间（套）作对棉田病虫害控制作用的优势,规避其风险,针对我国棉花种植现状及棉花病虫害发生趋势,今后应加强以下几个方面的研究:

一是根据新形势优化棉田种植模式。在充分考虑植棉区生态条件的基础上,结合当前中国棉花种植正向规模化、机械化、智能化、信息化发展的趋势,明确新型种植模式对田间病虫害发生的影响,优化种植模式,筛选可以有效减少病虫害发生、适于机械化种植和管理的宽幅间作和轻简化种植模式,对轻简化植棉和农药减施具有重要指导意义。例如:蒜（麦）套种春棉改为蒜（麦）后直播早熟棉,一方面便于轻简化、机械化栽培管理,另一方面通过缩短棉花生长期,减少病虫危害棉花的机会;棉花花生宽幅等幅间作,由于幅宽加大,可以较好地解决难以实行机械化的问题,同时棉花因生态环境改善易于增产,若再实施棉花花生轮作,又可解决花生连作障碍问题。但是,这些新型种植模式会对棉田病虫害发生带来怎样的影响有待深入研究。

二是针对棉花病虫害发生现状,优化作物品种布局。棉花和间（套）作作物均是间（套）作棉田经济收益的来源,二者品种选择,既要看经济效益,还要看社会、生态效益。棉花病虫害种类多、危害重,防治对象复杂多样。利用作物抗性防治病虫害是最为经济、有效的手段,且可以减少化学农药的使用,对生态环境友好。因此,应在保证棉花品质和产量的基础上优先选育和应用兼具多种病虫抗性的棉花品种,且应避免选择对共有病虫害敏感的作物品种进行间（套）作。而研究明确间（套）作作物对棉花病虫害的抗性及其对棉田病虫害发生的影响是优化田间作物品种布局的重要基础。

三是做好病虫害发生的风险评估,适时搭配有效管理措施进行防控。关注棉花与间作作物病虫害种类的同时,也应考虑间作作物的品种类型及特性,注重棉花高产高效的同时也应考虑棉花对间作作物的影响,进行间（套）作田病虫害发生风险评估。尽量避免选择棉瓜、棉枣等不利于病虫害控制的种植模式;针对不同间（套）作模式不同时期可能出现的病虫害,统筹兼顾制定简便有效的管理策略,采用选择性杀虫剂和杀菌剂,根据病虫害发生经济阈值适时进行防控是做好间（套）棉田病虫害管控的关键。此外,针对不同的间（套）作模式,研制新型配套植保器械,也有助于间（套）作棉田病虫害风险的防控。

四是深化相关机制研究。已有对间（套）作模式下病虫害的研究主要集中于病虫害发生量和发生程度的基础调查,对病虫害发生的机制尚不十分清楚;对于棉花病虫害发生程度与寄主之间的关系研究,尚限于针对某种病害、虫害或是某种寄主植物[70,71,72]。而且现有研究多集中于间（套）作作物对棉田病虫害发生的影响,而是否也影响了棉花的抗病性、抗虫性?这些都有待深入研究。把控宏观,着手微观,结合当前棉花生产方式的转变和棉花病虫害发生趋势,研究新型高效植棉模式下不同寄主植物对不同棉花病虫害产生影响的相关机制,对今后棉花病虫害的综合治理具有重要指导意义。

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