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植物学｜向日葵

花匠小妙招
2024-11-15 04:28

向日葵

——菊科向日葵属植物——

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PART.01

命名

向日葵因形状像小太阳，并且具有向阳性，故得名向日葵。英语名称“Sunflower”却不是因为它的向阳特性，而是因为其黄花开似太阳的缘故。16-17世纪"Sunflower"一词从拉丁语"Flos Solis"借译过来。向日葵的法语、意大利语和西班牙语名称"Tournesol"和"Girasol"，同汉语名称一样，也是基于“向日”这一特性来命名的。

Sunflower is named sunflower because it is shaped like a small sun and is positive. The English name "Sunflower" is not because of its sun-oriented characteristics, but because its yellow flowers bloom like the sun. The word "Sunflower" was borrowed from the Latin "Flos Solis" in the 16th-17th century. The French, Italian and Spanish names of Sunflower "Tournesol" and "Girasol", like the Chinese name, are also named based on the characteristic of "向日".

事实上，向日葵是中文里别名最多的作物之一，以至于成了语言学上说明方言间同物异名现象的经典例子。北京大学的经典教材《语言学纲要》中就提到：“……同是‘向日葵’，在汉语的各地方言中也有各种不同的叫法，河北唐山叫‘日头转’，承德叫‘朝阳转’，任丘叫‘望天转’，山东济南叫‘朝阳花’，昌乐叫‘向阳花’，莒县叫‘转日葵’，栖霞叫‘转日莲’，湖南邵阳叫‘盘头瓜子’等等。”

In fact, sunflower is one of the crops with the most aliases in Chinese, so that it has become a classic linguistic example of the phenomenon of homogeneity between dialects. The classic textbook of Peking University "Outline of Linguistics" mentions: "... It is also a 'sunflower', and there are also different names in various dialects of Chinese. Tangshan, Hebei Province is called 'Sunturning', Chengde is called 'Suns Turn', Renqiu is called 'Wangtian Turn', Jinan, Shandong Province is called 'Sunflower', and Changle is called 'Sunflower'. Ju County is called 'turn the sun sunflower', Qixia is called 'turn the sun lotus', and Shaoyang in Hunan Province is called 'pantou melon seeds' and so on.

Immersed in the sea of music,

he forgot about time and the outside world.

尽管有这么多的别名，但最终是“向日葵”一名胜出，成为这种作物在整个中文世界中的普通名。最早提到这个名字的也是一本明末著作——文震亨《长物志》，此后清代陈淏子《花镜》等著作也用了这一名称。显然，“向日葵”是移用了古代植物名称“葵”新起的名字。

Despite so many aliases, it was finally a scenic spot of "Sunflower" and became the common name of this crop in the whole Chinese world. The first mention of this name was also a book at the end of the Ming Dynasty - Wen Zhenheng's "Changwuzhi". Since then, Chen Yuzi's "Flower Mirror" and other works in the Qing Dynasty have also used this name. Obviously, "Sunflower" is a new name from the ancient plant name "Sunflower".

//属于罗曼蒂克的盛夏//

PART.02

形态特征

向日葵是一年生草本植物，高1-3米。主根圆柱状，向下渐狭，具极多数侧根和纤维状细根。茎直立，粗壮，绿色，被白色的具节长硬毛，通常不分枝，稀上部有少数分枝。叶互生，叶片心状卵形或宽卵形，长10-30厘米或更长，宽7-24厘米或更宽，先端渐尖或稀急尖，基部心形、平截或三角状，边缘具不整齐的粗锯齿，表面绿色，背面淡绿色，两面被短糙毛，有3条基出脉，侧脉数对，叶脉在两面均凸起，沿脉被白色具节长硬毛；叶柄长，被白色长硬毛和短糙毛。

Sunflower is an annual herb with a height of 1-3 meters. The main root is cylindrical, narrowing downward, with a very large number of lateral roots and fibrous fine roots. The stem is upright, thick, green, white with long and hard hairs, usually not branched, and there are a few branches in the upper part. The leaves are alternate, the leaves are heart-shaped or wide-ovate, 10-30 cm long or longer, 7-24 cm or wider, the apex is acuminate or sparse, the base is heart-shaped, flat or triangular, the edges are irregularly coarsely serrated, the surface is green, the back is light green, both sides are short and rough, there are 3 base veins, and the number of lateral veins are pairs. The leaf veins are raised on both sides, and the veins are white with long hard hairs; the petiole is long, with long white hard hairs and short rough hairs.

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舌状花1层，多数，舌片黄色或金黄色，卵状长圆形、长圆形、狭椭圆形或狭长圆形，不结实；管状花极多数，花冠黄色、褐色或带紫色，冠檐筒状，先端5裂，冠管极短，雄蕊5，花药暗紫色，连合成筒状，柱头2分枝，密被毛。瘦果倒卵形、长倒卵形或倒卵状长圆形，稍压扁，具细肋，常被白色微柔毛；冠毛2枚，膜片状，早落。花果期7-9月。

Tongue-shaped flowers 1 layer, most, yellow or golden yellow, oval oblong, oblong, narrow oval or narrow oblong, not strong; most tubular flowers, corolla yellow, brown or purple, crown eaves cylindrical, apex 5 lobed, crown tube very short, stamen 5, anthers dark purple, combined with synthetic tube-shaped, stigma 2 branches, dense quilt Mao. The thin fruit is obovate, long obovate or obovate oblong, slightly flattened, with fine ribs, often white and slightly pubescent; 2 crown hairs, diaphragm-like, early falling. The flower and fruit period is July-September.

Immersed in the sea of music,

he forgot about time and the outside world.

最常见的向日葵高度为2.5-3.5米，最高可达9.17米。根据1567年的科学文献报告，历来被认为单头向日葵植物是种植在意大利帕多瓦，植株高度最高可达12米。同样的种子，种植在其他时间和地点，如西班牙马德里，植株高度可达近8米。在荷兰和加拿大安大略省，更近的纪录，在20世纪初则有8米以上的植株。

The most common sunflower height is 2.5-3.5 meters, with a maximum height of 9.17 meters. According to the scientific literature report of 1567, it has always been believed that the single-headed sunflower plant is planted in Padua, Italy, with a height of up to 12 meters. The same seeds can be planted at other times and places, such as Madrid, Spain, and the plant height can reach nearly 8 meters. In the Netherlands and Canada, Ontario, a more recent record is that there were more than 8 meters of plants in the early 20th century.

葵花、向阳花、望日葵、朝阳花、转日莲