林木种子园花粉污染与防治措施
摘要： 林木种子园花粉污染是影响种子园种子遗传品质的重要因子，由于野生同种花粉进入种子园而增加遗传损失。本文综述了国内外林木种子园花粉污染研究的概况、污染水平、影响污染水平的因子和减少污染的措施。研究表明：DNA分子标记在分析种子园交配动态和种子园管理效果方面非常有效（例如，cpDNA、RAPD和SSR）；种子园污染水平比预期的更高；花粉产量好像对污染水平没有影响；空间和生殖隔离也没有产生预期的效果。目前，人工辅助授粉和疏伐是减少花粉污染的两种有效措施。为了改善种子园林木的亲本平衡，人工处理技术的使用，例如：赤霉素A4/7处理技术和无性繁殖技术在种子园很受欢迎。污染程度其他方面的研究工作仍在继续，本文提到的基因流的研究。并对我国种子园花粉污染研究和花粉管理提出建议：当分析种子园花粉污染时，涉及到花粉基因型自然的（花粉扩散）、生理（开花时间）和花粉生活力等因素都应该被考虑。
关键词: 林木种子园, 花粉污染, 花粉管理, 基因流, 人工辅助授粉, 疏伐
Abstract: The pollen contamination in a seed orchard is a principal factor influencing the genetical quality of a seed orchard. Genetic losses arise from the influx of ‘wild’ conspecific pollen into seed orchards.In this paper a review was made of the general researches on pollen contamination, contamination level, the extent of its influence and the measures to reduce it in the orchards at home and abroad. Researches showed that the DNA marker proved to be very useful in assessing seed orchard mating dynamics and orchard management efficacies for conifer seed orchards(e.g.,chloroplast DNA(cpDNA),RAPD,SSR); in a seed orchard the contamination level is higher than that formerly estimated ; pollen yield seems to have no influence on contamination level; space and reproductive isolation are not so effective as to be expected. At present time, supplemental mass pollination(SMP)and thinning are two effective measures to reduce pollen contamination. To improve the parental balance of seed orchard crops, the use of artificial management techniques such as gibberellin A4/7 treatment, rearrangement of clonal ramets is recommended in seed orchards. Work on the other facets of contamination measurement,gene-flow studies, are listed. The authors made some recommendations about research on and management of pollen contamination in seed orchards in our country. Mechanical(pollen dispersal), phonological (the timing of flowering) and viability factors related to the pollen genotype should all be considered when assessing pollen contamination in seed orchards.
Key words: forest seed orchard, pollen contamination, pollen management, gene flow, supplemental mass pollination, thinning
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