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提高植物抗寒性的机理研究进展

花匠小妙招
2024-11-21 06:57

提高植物抗寒性的机理研究进展

基金项目:

广东省高等学校引进人才专项资金(2010); 国家自然科学基金项目(31270674)

Research progress on the mechanism of improving plant cold hardiness

Author:

XU Chengxiang

College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
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Affiliation:

College of Life Sciences,Zhaoqing University,Zhaoqing,College of Life Sciences,Zhaoqing University,Zhaoqing

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摘要:

低温胁迫是世界范围内影响植物产量和品质的主要非生物胁迫。植物抗寒生理生态研究是比较活跃和发展很快的领域。文章综述了提高植物抗寒性机理的研究进展。大量科学研究和生产实践表明,气象因素与植物自身因素是影响植物抗寒性的关键因素,前者主要是温度、光周期和水分,后者主要是植物的遗传学基础、生长时期、发育水平以及低温胁迫下细胞的抗氧化能力。保证植物抗寒基因充分表达对提高植物抗寒性有重要意义。植物抗寒性的遗传机制与调控主要通过5条路径实现:丰富多样的植物低温诱导蛋白,低温转录因子DREB/CBF可同时调控多个植物低温诱导基因的表达,DREB/CBF与辅助因子相互作用调控下游基因表达,Ca2+、ABA及蛋白质磷酸化上游调控低温诱导基因表达,以及不饱和脂肪酸酶基因的表达。基因工程改良植物抗寒性已获重要进展,但距产业化尚有许多开创性的工作要做,目前主要通过导入抗寒调控基因和抗寒功能基因而实现,后者主要是导入抗渗透胁迫相关基因、抗冻蛋白基因、脂肪酸去饱和代谢关键酶基因、SOD等抗氧化系统的基因以及与植物激素调节有关的基因。农林技术对提高植物抗寒性有重大实用价值,其中的不少技术蕴涵着深刻的科学机理,重点评述了抗寒育种、抗砧嫁接、抗寒锻炼、水肥耦合及化学诱导五大技术提高植物抗寒性的作用机理。展望了提高植物抗寒性的研究。

Abstract:

Low temperature stress is a worldwide major abiotic stress affecting plant yield and quality. Plant physiological ecology of cold hardiness research is a more active and fast growing field. In this paper, advances of study on the mechanism of improving plant cold hardiness was reviewed. Scientific research and production practice have showed that meteorological factors and/or factors of plant itself are the key factors affecting plant cold hardiness; the former is mainly temperature, photoperiod and water; while the latter is mainly plant genetic basis, growth period, development level and cell antioxidant capacity under low temperature stress. Ensuring fully expression of genes of plant cold hardiness is of important significance on improving plant cold hardiness. Genetic mechanism and regulation of plant cold hardiness are mainly through 5 paths to achieve, respectively: the rich diversity of low temperature induced plant proteins; low temperature transcription factor DREB/CBF can simultaneously control a plurality of expression of genes cold induced in plants; interactions of DREB/CBF and cofactor regulate expression of downstream genes; Ca2+, ABA and protein phosphorylation regulate gene expression induced by low temperature in the upstream; and the expression of genes of unsaturated fatty acid synthase. Genetic engineering to improve plant cold hardiness has been significant progress, but from the industrialization has still a lot of pioneering work to do. Currently, genetic engineering of improving plant cold hardiness are mainly through the introduction of regulatory genes and/or functional genes, the latter is mainly the introduction of genes related to osmotic stress resistance, genes of antifreeze proteins, genes of fatty acid desaturation metabolism key enzyme, genes of SOD and other antioxidant system component, as well as genes involved in the regulation of plant hormone. Agricultural and forestry technologies to improve plant cold hardiness have important practical value, many of them are of profound scientific mechanism, im which we focused on the mechanism of 5 main technologies improving plant cold hardiness, respectively: cold hardiness breeding, grafting, cold acclimation, the coupling of water and fertilizer and chemical induction. The prospect of future research on improving cold resistance of plant was discussed.

引用本文

徐呈祥.提高植物抗寒性的机理研究进展.生态学报,2012,32(24):7966~7980

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