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具有泛化访花者的海芋特化传粉系统

摘要:

特化传粉系统通常被认为是一种高效的植物与传粉者互作的关系, 但即使是高度特化的花朵也经常接受非传粉者的访问。当前的特化传粉系统研究主要关注于植物与特定传粉者的相互作用, 往往忽视了其他访花者的潜在影响。海芋(Alocasia odora)与芋果蝇属(Colocasiomyia)物种是典型的高度特化传粉互惠关系, 但海芋花序仍存在许多其他的访花者类群, 它们对传粉过程的影响尚不清楚。通过访花者筛除实验, 本研究证实了海芋的授粉过程必须有海芋果蝇(C. alocasia)或异海芋果蝇(C. xenalocasiae)的参与。除此以外, 海芋花序上还观察到包括露尾甲科、蜜蜂科、隐翅虫科和跗线螨科等类群的访花者, 共计10种。繁育系统实验表明, 海芋的自交不亲和性是由空间和时间上的雌雄分离造成的。因此, 尽管其他访花者未直接对海芋结实率做出贡献, 但它们对花粉和雄花不育区分泌物报酬的取食行为仍可能整体上减少了有效花粉资源, 并与传粉者竞争报酬资源, 进而间接影响有效传粉者的传粉行为。本研究为特化传粉理论提供了新视角, 未来研究应更全面考虑访花者的整体作用。

关键词: 特化传粉, 繁育系统, 访花者, 传粉者, 天南星科, 海芋, 芋果蝇属

Abstract

Aims: Specialized pollination systems are often perceived as finely tuned interactions between specific plant species and their pollinators. However, empirical evidence suggests that these systems also accommodate visits from non-pollinating species. While previous research has primarily focused on the mutualistic aspects of plants and pollinators in the specialized pollination, the broader impacts of various floral visitors have been overlooked. The intricate pollination dynamics between Alocasia odora and Colocasiomyia species, notably C. alocasia or C. xenalocasiae, exemplify such specialization. Yet, the roles and influences of numerous other floral visitors remain incompletely understood within this pollination system.
Methods: The specialized pollination system of A. odora served as the focal point of this study. Initially, morphological characteristics of the inflorescence were meticulously observed and documented across various stages of flowering. These observations provided essential insights into the positioning and timing of visitor and pollinator activity on the inflorescence. Subsequently, the primary breeding systems of A. odora were elucidated through controlled breeding experiments. By thoroughly monitoring visitor behavior and conducting pollination efficiency experiments, we identified visitor groups with a preference for inflorescence visitation and evaluated their impacts on successful pollination. Finally, we conducted a comprehensive analysis to assess the influence of generalized visitors on the specialized pollination system of A. odora.
Results: Our meticulous visitor exclusion experiments unequivocally confirmed the indispensable pollinating role of specific Colocasiomyia species in the pollination of A. odora. Furthermore, analysis of the plant’s breeding system had revealed self-incompatibility in A. odora, attributed to the spatial and temporal separation of male and female reproductive phases. Remarkably, the inflorescence of A. odora exhibited a significant attraction to a diverse array of visitors, encompassing species from the Nitidulidae, Apidae, Staphylinidae, and Tarsonemidae families, totaling 10 distinct species. Despite their presence, these visitors did not exert a significant influence on pollination successes and fruit set rates. However, their activities, such as foraging on pollen and sterile zones, had the potential to undermine pollen or other rewarding resource utility and initiate resource competition with genuine pollinators.
Conclusion: This study illuminates the specialized pollination mutualism system between A. odora and Colocasiomyia species, characterized by specificity, stability, and high efficiency. A. odora demonstrates self-incompatibility, with cross-pollination serving as the primary mode of reproduction. The success of pollination hinges upon pollinators, particularly C. alocasia or C. xenalocasiae, which form intimate mutualist relationships with A. odora. Moreover, in the Haikou area, A. odora and two species of Colocasiomyia flies engage in a unique “two-on-one” pollination system. Looking ahead, future studies investigating similar specialized pollination systems should adopt a holistic approach, considering both plants and all interflower visitors comprehensively. By doing so, researchers can obtain a more objective and comprehensive perspective and results.

Key words: specialized pollination, breeding system, floral visitor, pollinator, Araceae, Alocasia odora, Colocasiomyia

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