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有机肥施用改良盐碱地及其作用机理

花匠小妙招
2024-11-29 12:18

摘要:

盐碱地是我国重要的耕地后备资源。有机肥来源丰富，在盐碱地改良中具有广泛前景。本文综合分析了有机肥对盐碱土壤理化性质、养分、土壤微生物和酶活性等方面进展。有机肥施用改良盐碱地的主要作用机理为：（1）改善土壤结构，增加大粒径土壤团聚体，提高土壤孔隙度与透水性，降低土壤中盐碱含量；（2）提高营养元素和有机质含量，增加土壤养分；（3）优化土壤微生物群落结构，促进微生物产生有机酸，增强土壤酶活性等。未来研究中，要强化盐碱地专用功能型有机肥研发，筛选不同地域不同类型轻中重度盐碱地的适宜有机肥施用量，为盐碱地改造利用提供技术支撑。

关键词: 盐碱地 / 有机肥 / 作用机理 / 团聚体 / 有机质

Abstract:

Saline-alkaline land is an important reserve resource of cultivated land. Organic fertilizer has abundant sources and broad prospects in saline-alkaline land improvement. This article comprehensively analyzes the progress of organic fertilizer in improving the physical and chemical properties, nutrients, soil microorganisms, and enzyme activity of saline-alkaline soil. The main mechanisms of organic fertilizer application in ameliorating saline-alkaline soil are: (1) Improving soil structure, increasing large particle soil aggregates, increasing soil porosity and permeability, reducing soil salinity; (2) Increasing the content of nutrients and organic matter, improving soil nutrients; (3) Optimizing the structure of soil microbial community, promoting the production of organic acids by microorganisms, and enhancing soil enzyme activity. It is recommended to strengthen the research and development of specialized functional organic fertilizers for saline-alkaline land, screen the suitable organic fertilizer application rates for light, medium, and severe saline-alkaline land in different regions, which would provide technical support for the improvement and utilization of saline-alkaline land.

0 引　言

土壤盐碱化是全球性的资源和生态问题。盐碱土是一系列受土体中盐碱成分作用的土壤，包括各种盐土、碱土和不同程度盐化和碱化的各类土壤[1]。世界盐碱地总面积约11.39×108 hm2；其中盐土约4.95×108 hm2，广泛分布于亚洲、非洲、大洋洲和美洲等[2]；碱土约6.44×108 hm2，广泛分布于澳洲、非洲、南美洲、中亚和北亚等[3]。我国盐碱地主要分布在东北平原、中北、西北内陆、华北和沿海地区，类型多样，且面广量大，现代盐渍土面积为3.69×107 hm2[4]。盐碱土壤理化性质不良、水分养分利用效率差，是农业生产力低的主要问题之一[5]，并且盐碱地总面积以每年10%的速度增长[2,6]。2021年世界土壤日提出“防止土壤盐渍化，提高土壤生产力”[7]，盐碱土壤已成为降低农业生产力的亟待解决问题。预计到2050年，全球人口预计将激增至97 亿，而目前的可用耕地已无法满足不断增长的人口需求[8]。因此，盐碱地作为重要的耕地后备资源，必须充分利用和改良，以满足农业生产不断增长的需求。

常用的盐碱地改良方法有工程措施、物理措施、化学措施、生物措施等[9] 。但部分措施成本高、周期长[10]。因此，寻求更加高效合理的改良盐碱地措施具有重大意义。盐碱地改良的主要目标是排盐降碱、改善土壤结构与培肥地力，而有机肥施入盐碱地可为作物提供大量的营养元素和有机质，改善土壤结构、维持土壤养分平衡、提高土壤生物和化学特性、增强土壤的蓄水保肥能力、增加作物抗逆、保持作物稳产，是有效的改良措施之一[11 − 12]。

本文概述了国内外有机肥改良盐碱地的最新进展，剖析了有机肥的改良机理，并对未来发展趋势进行了展望，旨在为有机肥高效改良盐碱地提供理论依据。

1 有机肥在盐碱地的应用研究现状

盐碱土理化性质恶劣，有机质含量低 [13]。有机肥是指以动物代谢物或动植物残体为主要原料发酵腐熟的肥料，不同类型有机肥的养分含量及分解释放速度存在一定的差异[14]。常用的有机肥有农家肥、微生物肥料、商品有机肥和腐殖质类肥料等 [15]。目前，我国有机肥主要有直接利用和加工利用两种途径，其中秸秆和畜禽粪尿等有机肥料通过秸秆还田和腐熟处理等可直接施用；沼气肥和堆肥则需要加工处理后才可被施用[16]。

近50年来，化肥施用量不断增加而忽视了有机肥的补充。研究统计，有机肥施用量在肥料总施用量中的占比已经从1960年的80%下降到10%[14]。我国每年生产约8.5 亿t秸秆和38 亿t畜禽粪便，可见我国有机肥资源量充盈[17 − 18]。但大部分秸秆和粪便未得到合理利用，并可能对生态环境造成威胁。

有机肥含有氮、磷、钾、钙、镁等大中量营养元素，可平衡土壤养分，促进作物对养分的吸收，改良各种类型盐碱地[19]。国内外大量学者对有机肥改良盐碱地的研究表明：外源有机物料可缓解盐碱胁迫[20]；增加牛粪堆肥施用量对土壤盐分的降低效果优于碱度，而增加堆肥施用深度对土壤碱度的降低效果优于盐分[21]。施用生物炭有机肥可显著降低盐碱土电导率，且降低效果随着土壤深度的增加而降低[22]。曹魏等[23]发现有机肥配施化肥和微生物菌剂可较好地改良盐碱地。由此可见，有机肥改良盐碱地措施受到普遍认可。

利用主题词有机肥（Organic fertilizer）、盐土（Saline soil）、碱土（Alkaline soil）和土壤（Soil）进行检索，对中国知网和 Web of Science 数据库2024年1月1日以前有关有机肥-盐碱土壤相关论文进行了整理和统计。分析拟合趋势线表明，文献数量整体呈上升趋势，说明有机肥改良盐碱地的相关研究，在国内外的研究领域的重视程度与日俱增。其中，有机肥-碱土（Organic fertilizer and alkaline soil）和有机肥-盐土（Organic fertilizer and saline soil）分别占比3.0％和1.5％（图1）。因此，有机肥在盐碱地中的应用已成为绿色农业与环境保护领域的前沿性研究。

图 1 文献数量分析

Fig. 1 Analysis of literature quantity

2 有机肥改良盐碱地作用机理

有机肥可以为盐碱地微生物提供反应底物，创造适宜土壤环境，改善土壤微生物群落组成，促进微生物产生有机酸，增强土壤酶活性；增加K+、Ca2+、Mg2+等营养元素和有机质含量，增加土壤养分；增加大粒径土壤团聚体、土壤孔隙度与透水性，增大表层盐分与水分的接触面积，从而减少盐分、降低土壤pH，实现改良盐碱地的目标（图2）。

图 2 有机肥改良盐碱地机理示意图

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the mechanism of organic fertilizer improvement in saline-alkaline land

2.1 改善土壤理化性状

土壤容重是土壤主要理化性质之一，其变化直接反应土壤含水量、透气性、植物根系穿透力及肥料利用率。土壤总孔隙度和土壤容重成反比，容重小的土壤，质地松散、结构性好，相反则质地紧凑、结构性差。施用有机肥能够优化土壤质地，降低紧实度，促进淋盐作用，提升动力学参数，降低土壤水分蒸发，抑制土壤返盐[24 − 25]。盐碱地因养分含量低、可溶性盐离子浓度高、有机质分解快、盐分表聚明显等特点，导致土壤理化性质差，土壤肥力低下[26]。所以，良好的土壤结构是提高盐碱地肥力的必要条件之一。在盐碱地中施用有机肥可增加土壤孔隙度和各土层间的孔隙连接度，降低土壤容重，提高导水性和缓冲性等[27 − 28]。

土壤有机质是一种复杂的天然物质，在土壤肥力和可持续农业系统中起着关键作用[29]。有机肥通过增加土壤有机质含量，促进土壤水稳性团聚体形成，保障土壤结构的稳定，为作物提供长期且全面的营养，减少水分蒸发量，进而改变盐分组成和抑制盐分表聚[30 − 33]。有机肥中富有负电荷的有机胶体，可附着大量阳离子和水分，降低水溶性盐离子含量，保证土壤营养成分的有效性[27]。同时，有机肥含有腐植酸等酸性物质可以降低盐碱地盐分。腐植酸为带负电胶体，其羟基和羧基官能团具有较强的吸附与络合能力，可与土壤中钙离子凝聚，并促进盐分浸出[34 − 35]。

土壤有机碳和团聚体是土壤肥力的重要组成部分 [36]。施用有机肥可以增加盐碱地有机碳含量，一方面可以拮抗因作物生长和施用无机肥料导致的碳损失，从而恢复和保持土壤质量[37]；另一方面，可以增加微生物分泌物等促进土壤团聚体形成，增大团聚体粒径，加速盐碱地上层盐分向下层淋洗[38]。研究表明，盐碱土中过量Na+将阻止胶体絮凝并破坏粘土矿物结构导致团聚体分散[39]，而施用有机肥可增加土壤中K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量，置换过量交换性Na+，有效抑制Na+毒害[40]。有机肥部分替代无机肥可以显著提高盐碱土壤养分，降低土壤含盐量，同时为作物直接提供大、中微量元素，并分解释放有机酸，提高养分有效性，从而促进大豆对养分的吸收和籽粒发育，提高大豆产量[41 − 42]。有机肥显著提高了盐碱土壤有机质含量，可能是由于有机肥中含有大量的有机质，经微生物分解，提高了土壤有机质、全氮、硝态氮和全磷含量[43]。此外，有机肥可促进有机质的转化和循环，增加土壤速效氮、速效钾和速效磷含量，促进土壤团聚体结构形成，提高土壤通气性，创造有机质富集层，并用有机质调控盐碱土壤水盐运动，进一步促进水、盐、肥三相平衡[44 − 45]

2.2 增强土壤生物活性

微生物作为土壤生态系统的重要组成部分，参与有机质分解、养分循环等一系列生化反应，影响土壤养分吸收，是衡量土壤生产力的重要指标 [46 − 48]。土壤微生物分解有机肥料后将产生有机酸类物质，能够缓冲和降低土壤盐碱程度[49]，可有效维持适宜的土壤微生物生存的pH环境 [50]。盐碱土壤中微生物数量与土壤盐碱程度呈负相关关系[13]。有机肥中含有大量的微生物，施入盐碱地中可补充因盐碱环境而减少的固氮菌、溶磷菌、氨化及纤维素分解菌等有益菌，活化土壤中难溶物质，促进土壤微生物繁殖 [51] 。微生物将盐碱土壤中吸附固定的氮、磷、钾等植物生长所需的基础物质转化为可被植物吸收利用的有效养分[52]，其呼吸作用中分泌的胶性物质，有利于土壤团粒结构形成，从而提高土壤通气透水性。微生物活动产生的多种酶能促进土壤有机质的合成和迅速活化土壤养分，减少盐碱土壤中磷、钾的固定，增加不溶性磷、钾的转化，有利于盐碱土壤中速效养分的形成[53 − 54]。

研究发现，长期施用有机肥促进了苏打盐碱土水分散组胶体向水稳性复合体转化，提升了土壤的有机无机复合程度[55]。Chen等[56]发现长期施用有机肥可以通过“启动效应”分解已经储存的天然有机碳，有助于升高黄河三角洲盐碱地土壤有机碳、氮活性组分，提高细菌群落多样性和真菌群落丰富度[57 − 58]。宁夏引黄灌区盐碱地的土壤养分含量及土壤酶活性随有机肥施用量增加而递增[59]。在鲁西北轻度盐碱地，增施有机肥5 250 kg∙hm−2和9 000 kg∙hm−2可使土壤真菌数量增加9%和60%，土壤细菌数量增加1.06倍和1.07倍[60]。施用有机肥可改善苏打盐碱土理化性质，显著降低土壤pH 、EC、Na+和Cl−等含量，增加有机质、氮、磷等养分含量，促进土壤细菌群落多样性增加，并通过招募部分有益微生物来提高其对盐碱胁迫的耐受性，进而促进水稻的生长[52]。因此，在盐碱地中长期施用有机肥可增加土壤微生物生物量和多样性等，创造良好的土壤微环境[61]。

土壤酶主要由微生物及植物根系的分泌作用产生，参与土壤生态系统的物质转化与养分循环，其种类和数量取决于土壤质量和环境条件[62 − 63]。因此，酶活性可以作为不同生态系统土壤肥力和微生物活性的良好标志[64]。此外，有机碳的形成和分解几乎受所有酶的调控，在土壤碳循环中具有重要的作用[65]。有机肥施用对盐碱地土壤酶活性的影响主要体现在两方面：一是有机肥料本身含有大量酶类，其中的稳定酶可与游离酶形成复合物，增大土壤渗透性，阻止深层土壤中盐分进入表层；其次，有机肥中的有机物质可作为酶促反应底物，激活土壤中碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶等多种酶的活性[66]，促进作物根际生长，使其吸收大量的Na+和Cl−，进而缓解盐碱胁迫[67]。研究表明，在盐碱地中施用有机肥处理的土壤酶活性高于单独施用化肥处理，这也充分说明了有机肥能够提高盐碱土壤酶活性，促进物质循环[68]。

3 问题与展望

盐碱地综合利用是“藏粮于地、藏粮于技”的重要国家战略，施用有机肥改良盐碱地可以实现废物资源循环利用，改善生态环境。但有机肥发酵和施用方面仍面临部分短板：（1）对有机肥中微生物的生理功能尚缺乏深入解析，部分有效菌在运输与保存的过程中失活，容易造成杂菌污染，有机肥生产技术有待提升，建议强化盐碱地专用功能型有机肥研发。（2）不同种类有机肥对盐碱地改良机制尚不清楚。今后应侧重探究不同有机肥在轻中重度盐碱地中的改良效果与机理，建立完整的效果评价体系，筛选不同地域不同类型轻中重度盐碱地的适宜有机肥施用量，为盐碱地改造利用提供理论支撑。

图 1 文献数量分析

Figure 1. Analysis of literature quantity

图 2 有机肥改良盐碱地机理示意图

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the mechanism of organic fertilizer improvement in saline-alkaline land

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