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施用有机肥对当归药材性状、产量及抗病性的影响

花匠小妙招
2024-11-29 13:00

摘要：

为了探寻有机肥对当归成药栽培的影响，采用黑膜覆盖栽培，基施纯有机肥（O，2000 kg·hm-2）、纯化肥（C，磷酸二铵，420 kg·hm-2）、减半量化肥增施有机肥［1/2（O+C）］，以不施肥为对照（CK），栽培期测定早期抽薹率、发病率、药材产量和性状指标。结果表明，纯有机肥栽培当归早期抽薹率为8.0%，分别较CK、1/2（O+C）和C降低19.4%、15.2%和7.1%。药材产量则相反，O、C和1/2（O+C）栽培当归药材产量相当，鲜产量分别较CK提高105.9%、84.6%和78.2%。纯有机肥栽培当归根最长，侧根最多，单根最重，药材产量最高。化肥对根的增粗作用最大，但含水量高，根病率高，发病重。不同施肥每hm2鲜药材产量与综合评价指数大小顺序一致，依次为O（9220.6 kg，0.926）>C（9038.5 kg，0.610）>1/2（O+C）（8728.4 kg，0.481）>CK（4897.4 kg，0.190）。每hm2干药材产量排序为O（3149.2 kg）>1/2（O+C）（3098.7 kg）>C（2909.2 kg）>CK（1707.0 kg），与经济收益一致。在岷县道地产区黑膜覆盖栽培，纯施有机肥对当归药材具有显著增效作用，可有效降低早薹率、根病率和发病程度，改善药材性状，提高药材产量和质量，在当归标准化栽培中可推广应用，以改变当归依赖化肥的生产现状，促进绿色有机栽培。

关键词: 当归, 有机肥, 药材产量, 根性状, 抗病性, 早期抽薹率

Abstract:

In order to explore effect of organic fertilizer on medicinal cultivationof Angelica sinensis， various fertilization regimes including pure organic fertilizer （O，2000 kg·hm-2）， pure chemical fertilizer （C， diammonium phosphate， 420 kg·hm-2）， and half of organic and chemical fertilizers ［1/2（O+C）］ were applied under black film mulching in Min County， using no fertilization as the control （CK）. During cultivation， early bolting， incidence， yield and root character indicators were measured. The results showed that organic fertilizer could reduce the early bolting rateto 8.0%， which was 19.4%， 15.2% and 7.1% lower， respectively， than in the CK， 1/2（O+C） and C treatments. The angelica yield was increased by fertilizer. The fresh yields in O， C and 1/2（O+C） treatments were increased by 105.9%， 84.6% and 78.2%， respectively， compared with the CK treatment. In the O treatment， the medicinal plant had the longest roots， the most lateral roots， the heaviest single root and the highest yield. Fertilization treatment C resulted in a significant increase in root thickening， but the roots had a high water content， and a higher incidence of root disease. Among the different fertilization treatments the angelica fresh yields ranked： O（9220.6 kg·hm-2）>C（9038.5 kg·hm-2）>1/2（O+C）（8728.4 kg·hm-2）>CK （4897.4 kg·hm-2）. Values for a multivariate evaluative index ranked in the same order： O（0.926）>C（0.610）>1/2（O+C）（0.481）>CK（0.190）. Ranks for the angelica dry yield （which decided economic profit） were O （3149.2 kg·hm-2）>1/2（O+C）（3098.7 kg·hm-2）>C （2909.2 kg·hm-2）>CK （1707.0 kg·hm-2）. In summary， under black film mulching without pollution in Min County， pure organic fertilizer can significantly increase A. sinensis productivity， efficiently reduce early bolting rate， disease incidence and severity and improve medicinal root characters. Its application should be recommended as part of the standard cultivation method for A. sinensis so as to reduce the dependence on chemical fertilizer and promote green organic cultivation.

Key words: Angelica sinensis, organic fertilizer, medicinal yield, root character, disease resistance, early bolting rate