一串红灰霉病
一串红灰霉病
流霜雪月
<h3> 一串红灰霉病<br style="line-height: 2.44em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, STHeiTi, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16.96px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, STHeiTi, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16.96px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251);"> 1、症状：病菌 </span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, STHeiTi, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16.96px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251);">通常侵染花部和茎部，产生水渍状、浅褐色斑和腐烂。病部长有灰霉层。叶片有时也受害。</span><br style="line-height: 2.44em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, STHeiTi, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16.96px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, STHeiTi, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16.96px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251);"> 2、病原物：botrytis cinerea pers.属真菌半知菌亚门，丝孢目，葡萄孢属，灰葡萄孢。</span><br style="line-height: 2.44em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, STHeiTi, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16.96px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, STHeiTi, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16.96px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251);"> 3、发病条件：连续阴雨，冬季温室内，一串红做越年栽培剪时，常从剪口处发病。</span><br style="line-height: 2.44em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, STHeiTi, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16.96px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, STHeiTi, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16.96px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251);"> 4、防治方法</span><br style="line-height: 2.44em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, STHeiTi, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16.96px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, STHeiTi, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16.96px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251);"> （1）注意温室通风，降低湿度，避免不适当 的浇水。及时清除病株、病叶、减少侵染源。</span><br style="line-height: 2.44em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, STHeiTi, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16.96px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, STHeiTi, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16.96px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251);"> （2）发病期喷50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂500倍液或75%百菌清500倍液。</span><br></h3> <h3><b>一、症状</b></h3><p style="border: 0px; line-height: 29px; float: left; overflow: hidden;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;">月季叶片、嫩枝和花梗均可受害。叶上病斑初为紫褐色至褐色小点，后扩展成直径1.5~13毫米的圆斑，黑色或深褐色，边缘纤毛状，但个别品种上边缘也可整齐光滑。病斑周围常有黄色晕圈包围。 <b>二</b><b>、 </b></span><b><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"> </span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;">病</span></b><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"><b>原:</b>为放线孢属的真菌[Actinonema rosae</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: 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style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: 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white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;">Lib.)Fr.]分生孢子盘着生于寄主角质层下，以后突出表皮 。 三<b>三、防治措施</b></span><br></h3><p style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 29px; float: left; overflow: hidden;"><span style="font-size: 22px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; white-space: normal;"></span></h3><div class="content-txt" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"><div class="j-nav-para-item" data-nav-para="4"><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; border: 0px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); overflow: hidden; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, "PingFang SC", sans-serif;"></h3><h3> 1）选用抗病品种。 2）合理的施肥、浇水，适当的修剪、通风透光，及时清理病残体。 3）越冬后，萌芽前用石硫合剂喷施防治。 </h3><h3> 4）发病初期，可用75%百菌清800倍液或激禾乙蒜素1500倍液喷施防治。 病原:为放线孢属的真菌[Actinonema rosae (Lib.)Fr.]分生孢子盘着生于寄主角质层下，以后突出表皮。 <b> 四、侵染循环:</b>月季第一次被病菌侵染发病后,在这些病斑上又会产生孢子,这些孢子又会再侵染月季发病,如此反复进行多次.病害的发生期长,一年中约有8个月可以发病,其中有两个发生高峰,一是在5-6月,二是在9-10月. </h3><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; border: 0px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); overflow: hidden; white-space: pre-wrap; max-height: none; -webkit-line-clamp: initial; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, "PingFang SC", sans-serif;"><b>五、发病规律</b>：该病的病原属真菌中的子囊菌类，以菌丝体在枯叶或土壤中越冬。第二年四、五月间产生分生孢子，借风雨或昆虫传播。五、六月为发病盛期。低洼积水、通风不良、光照不足、肥水不当、植株生长瘦弱等因素都能促使发病。 </h3></div></div> <h3>一、<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">症状</span></h3><div class="t7" style="margin-bottom: 5px; border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"><div style="border: 0px;"><div class="t2" style="margin-top: 5px; border: 0px;"> 发生在君子兰叶上，并多发生在中下部叶片上。病斑初呈黄绿色，水渍状透光。后变褐色软腐，不规则状，病健组织界限明显。病斑边缘伤口处有菌溢流出，后期病斑干枯下陷，变褐色，严重时整叶脱落。 </div></div></div><div class="t7" style="margin-bottom: 5px; border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"><div style="border: 0px;"><h3><span class="t4" style="font-weight: bold;">二、病原</span></h3><div class="t2" style="margin-top: 5px; border: 0px;"> 有2种。菊欧文氏菌（Eruinia chrysanthe-mi Burknolder , Mcfadden et Dimock），属细菌纲、真细菌目、欧文氏杆菌属。菌体杆状，周生鞭毛，革兰氏阴性菌。在PDA培养基上（ph6.5）生长3－5天时，菌落为独特的瘤状，菌落边缘为波浪状或珊瑚状（油煎蛋状）。 <br><br>另一种病原细菌是软腐欧文氏菌黑茎病变种［E. carotovora var. atroseptica (Hellmers et Dowson) Dye］，分类地位同菊欧文氏菌。菌体杆状，大小为1.5－3.0μm×0.5－1.0μm，周生鞭毛4－6根。在肉汁蛋白胨培养基上培养7天（培养温度为28℃）时，菌落直径为0.5－1.0mm，淡灰白色，近圆形，稍隆起，菌落粘质状。 </div></div></div><div class="t7" style="margin-bottom: 5px; border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"><div style="border: 0px;"><h3><span class="t4" style="font-weight: bold;">三、发生规律</span></h3><div class="t2" style="margin-top: 5px; border: 0px;"> 病原细菌在土壤中的病残体或土壤内越冬，在土壤中能存活几个月；细菌由雨水及灌溉水传播，也可以通过病叶及健叶的相互接触，或操作工具等物传播；细菌由伤口侵入，潜育期短，2－3天，生长季节有多次再侵染。6－10月份该病均可发生，但6－7月份最适宜发病。 <br><br>高温、高湿条件有利于发病，其中高湿是影响发病的主要因素。夏季，君子兰茎心部分淋雨，或喷水不慎灌入茎心内，都是软腐病发生的主要诱因。多施氮肥也加重病害的发生。 <br>除君子兰外，菊欧文氏杆菌还侵染菊花、大丽花、麝香石竹、银胶菊、花叶万年青、秋海棠、喜林芋等观赏花木。大花君子兰发病率比垂笑君子兰高。 </div></div></div><div class="t7" style="margin-bottom: 5px; border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"><div style="border: 0px;"><h3><span class="t4" style="font-weight: bold;">四、防治方法</span></h3><div class="t2" style="margin-top: 5px; border: 0px;"> 1、控制盆土水分，注意防治蚧虫和加强通风。 <br>2、发病初期喷洒0.5%波尔多液、15%链霉素可湿性粉剂500倍液。 <br><h3>3、发病重时剪除病叶，再选喷上述药剂。 </h3></div></div></div> <h3>八角金盘日灼病 一、 日灼病一是与特殊的环境有关,如在高温强光下出现;二是被灼伤叶片、嫩梢病斑较大,与健康组织无明显的界限,短时间内其上不出现病原菌;三是放在一起的同一种花木新叶嫩梢同时出现病斑,但不扩展、不传播。被灼伤的叶片,或部分泛黄变褐,或新叶变黑坏死,或叶缘变褐后卷曲,或新叶全部染褐坏死,尽管千差万别,但日灼斑上无病原菌是日灼病最根本的识别标志。 二、 病 症 ①叶尖灼伤在高温、干旱、强光条件下,发生在一些叶质较薄的喜阴植物新抽叶片的先端。②叶缘灼伤在高温、干旱、强光环境<span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "PT Serif", "Droid Serif", "Times New Roman", arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;">下,多发生在一些叶缘部分叶质较薄的新叶上</span>③新叶灼伤在高温、干旱、强光条件下,一些观赏植物的新叶、嫩枝均易被灼伤,成熟叶片近强光照射部位也容易被灼伤,有的甚至出现半个叶片坏死。</h3> <section class="section j-nav-para-item" data-nav-para="3" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"><div class="content-main"><div class="content-title" style="overflow: hidden; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><h2 id="paragraph_3" style="padding-right: 17px; padding-left: 17px; border: 0px; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30px; position: relative; overflow: hidden;"><div class="display-content" style="line-height: 1; text-size-adjust: none; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", Arial, "\5FAE软雅黑", "\5B8B体", simsun, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><h1 style="padding-bottom: 0.666667rem; line-height: 0.76rem; text-size-adjust: none; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word; font-size: 0.48rem !important;"><strong style="font-size: 0.48rem !important;">一、发病症状。</strong></h1><p style="padding-bottom: 0.666667rem; line-height: 0.76rem; text-size-adjust: none; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word; font-size: 0.48rem !important;"><b>玫瑰锈病危害地上部分的各绿色器官，主要危害叶片和芽。一般在春季展叶后叶片正面出现不明显的小黄点----性孢子器；叶背及叶柄上出现黄色稍隆起的小斑点----锈孢子器（直径0.5-1.5毫米），突破表皮后散发出橘黄色粉状物（夏孢子），秋季叶背面又出现大量的黑色粉粒（冬孢子堆）。嫩梢、叶柄等部位的病斑明显隆起。该病菌还可侵染月季、野玫瑰等蔷薇属多种花卉植物。 二 、 <span style="font-size: 0.48rem !important;">发病规律</span><span style="font-size: 0.48rem;">。</span></b></h3></div></h2><p style="padding-bottom: 0.666667rem; line-height: 0.76rem; text-size-adjust: none; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word; font-size: 0.48rem !important;"><b>引起玫瑰锈病的真菌有两种：即短尖多孢锈菌和蔷薇多孢锈菌。玫瑰锈病病菌是单主寄生锈菌，以菌丝体及冬孢子在病芽、病枝、病叶上越冬；夏孢子在生长季节可反复侵染，借助风雨传播，由气孔侵入寄主植物。在玫瑰等蔷薇属花卉植物的生长季节均可发生与危害，以6—8月份发病较重。四季温暖、多雨、多雾的年份有利于发病，管理上凡是偏施氮肥，以及通风透光不良的玫瑰，则会加重其发生与危害。 </b></h3></div><div class="hidden-content" style="line-height: 1; text-size-adjust: none; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", Arial, "\5FAE软雅黑", "\5B8B体", simsun, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><p style="padding-bottom: 0.666667rem; line-height: 0.76rem; text-size-adjust: none; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word; font-size: 0.48rem !important;"><b><span style="font-size: 0.48rem !important;">三、防治方法</span>。</b></h3><p style="padding-bottom: 0.666667rem; line-height: 0.76rem; text-size-adjust: none; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word; font-size: 0.48rem !important;"><b><span style="font-size: 0.48rem !important;">1、杜绝和减少菌源。</span>防治单主寄生的锈病，尤其要注意杜绝和减少菌源，抓住秋末到下年早春或植物休眠期，彻底清扫田园内的残枝落叶等病原菌潜伏的场所。结合修剪，清除病芽、病枝、病叶，烧毁或埋入土中；生长期经常除去病枝叶，并集中处理，可有效减少有效发病菌源。</b></h3><p style="padding-bottom: 0.666667rem; line-height: 0.76rem; text-size-adjust: none; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word; font-size: 0.48rem !important;"><b><span style="font-size: 0.48rem !important;">2、加强栽培管理。</span>增施磷、钾、镁肥，控制施肥量，促进长势以防止徒长，增强玫瑰植株的抗病能力。多施腐熟的农家肥，不偏施氮肥。栽培中主要是选择合理的栽植密度，以有利于通风透光。在生长的雨季，要及时排除积水。设施栽培的玫瑰，要注意加强通风换气，降低棚内湿度。</b></h3><p style="padding-bottom: 0.666667rem; line-height: 0.76rem; text-size-adjust: none; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word; font-size: 0.48rem !important;"><strong style="font-size: 0.48rem !important;">3、药剂防治。</strong></h3><p style="padding-bottom: 0.666667rem; line-height: 0.76rem; text-size-adjust: none; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word; font-size: 0.48rem !important;"><b>一是冬季施药。在清扫田园，剪除病枝后喷一次药剂预防，可喷2—5波美度的石硫合剂，或45%结晶石硫合剂100—150倍液，或五氯酚钠200—300倍液，或五氯酚钠加石硫合剂混合液。配置时先将五氯酚钠加200—300倍清水稀释，再慢慢倒入石硫合剂，边倒边充分搅拌，调成波美度2—3度药液。不能将五氯酚钠粉不加水稀释就加入石硫合剂中，以防止产生沉淀。</b></h3><h1 style="padding-bottom: 0.666667rem; line-height: 0.76rem; text-size-adjust: none; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word; font-size: 0.48rem !important;"><b>二是生长期施药。在春季玫瑰放叶前喷洒0.3—0.5波美度石硫合剂，以预防病害为主。在生长期间，发病初期可喷施70%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂500倍液，或70%甲基托布津800—，1000倍液，或25%三唑酮1500倍液，每隔10-15天左右喷洒一次，连续喷洒2-3次，有良好的防治效果。可根据病害发生和当地药剂情况，具体选用，最好轮换使用各种杀菌剂，以免产生抗药性。</b></h1></div></div></section><section class="section j-nav-para-item" data-nav-para="7" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"><div class="content-main"><div class="content-txt"><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; padding-right: 17px; padding-left: 17px; border: 0px; line-height: 29px;"></h3></div></div></section> <h3>月季花叶病毒病 </h3><div class="content" style="padding-top: 17.6406px; padding-bottom: 17.6406px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); background: rgb(254, 254, 254); font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.8em; text-indent: 2em; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;"><li style="list-style: none;"><h3>症状：月季花叶病毒以小的失绿斑点为其特征，有时呈现多角形纹饰。病斑周围的叶面常多少有些畸形。有些症状呈环形、不定形的波状斑纹，以及栎叶型的褪绿斑，对生长势一般无影响，或有经微影响到严重的矮化。二、 病原：月季花叶病的病原为月季<span style="font-size: 1.3em; text-indent: 2em;">花叶病毒（Rose Mosaic virus ,RMV）。病毒质料结构球状，约25纳米。致死温度为54℃,稀释终点1:125,体外存活期6小时(室温)。</span></h3></li><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><h3><li style="list-style: none;"><span style="font-size: 20.8px; text-indent: 41.6px;"> 三、 传染途径：月季花叶病毒在寄主活组织内越冬，通过病芽、病接穗和有病砧木传播，在芽接和嫁接</span></li></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></h3></div><div class="i-info" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3>发病。 四、防治方法</h3><li style="list-style: none;"><h3> 月季花叶病分布广泛，可引起月季鲜花切花产量的质量，其同而异。月季花叶病毒以小的失绿斑点为其特征，有时呈现多角形纹饰。病斑周围的叶面常多少有些畸形。有些症状呈环形、不定形的波状斑纹，以及栎叶型的褪绿斑。</h3></li></div> <h3>鹅掌柴炭疽病 一、 症状 发病时叶片出现近圆形或不定形的病斑，大小约为0.6~1.2厘米，略微下陷，病斑边缘呈现褐色或深褐色。病斑周围有许多黑色小黑点。6~7月发病最为严重。 二、防治方法 : 养护中注意浇水适中，盆土不要积水，6~7月见适当降低植株生长环境的相对湿度。适当降温，不为病菌创造适宜的栖息环境。 发病初期喷施药剂，可选用80％代森锰锌800倍液+好湿3000倍喷雾防治。</h3> <h3> 一、病菌 1.梨胶锈菌寄主是柏科的桧柏，还有欧洲刺柏、翠柏、龙柏等，其中以桧柏，欧洲刺柏和龙柏最易感病。转主寄主是梨树、贴梗海棠、垂丝海棠、木瓜、山楂等。 2.山田胶锈菌它除危害桧柏、新疆圆柏、欧洲刺柏、希腊桧，矮桧、翠柏及龙柏外，转主寄主是苹果、沙果、海棠等。 二、症状 1.梨胶锈菌桧柏染病后，起初在针叶、叶腋或小枝上出现淡黄色斑点，后稍肿大。次年二三月间，渐次突破表皮露出单生或数个聚生的圆锥形角状物，红褐色至咖啡色，此即病菌的冬孢子角，同时该部位膨胀显著。冬孢子角遇雨吸水膨胀成舌状胶质块，橙黄色，干燥时收缩成胶块。 2.山田胶锈菌桧柏染病后，在小枝一侧或周围形成直径3至5厘米的瘿瘤。病部呈黄色，起初表面平坦，至春季，菌瘿中心隆起破裂，露出深褐色鸡冠状的冬孢子角。冬孢子角遇雨吸水膨大，呈胶质花瓣状。桧柏受害严重时，小枝枯死。 三、发病特点 1.梨胶锈菌以多年生菌丝体在桧柏病部组织中越冬。病菌侵入桧柏后，10至12月出现症状，呈黄色小斑。至第二年二三月间，症状才明显，冬孢子角突破寄主表皮而外露。3月下旬以后冬孢子才逐渐成熟。气温在5℃以上时，冬孢子角遇雨即胶化，冬孢子萌发黄粉状的担孢子，它不能危害桧柏，只能危害转主寄主如梨树等，而在转主寄主上形成的性孢子和锈孢子不能再危害梨树等，转而侵害桧柏的嫩叶或新梢，形成新的侵染循环。 2.山田胶锈菌在桧柏上以菌丝体在菌瘿中越冬，翌春形成褐色的冬孢子角，遇雨或空气潮湿时膨大，萌发大量淡黄褐色的担孢子，随风传到转主寄主如苹果等树上，侵染叶片、叶柄、果实及新梢，形成性孢子和锈孢子。锈孢子成熟随风飘至桧柏上，侵害桧柏枝条。 四、防治方法 1.加强栽培管理 2.剪除菌源冬季剪除桧柏上的菌瘿和重病枝，集中烧毁。 3.果树喷药打断转主循环。两种锈菌的传播范围一般在2.5至5公里，对于离桧柏近的苹果树和梨园，应在苹果树发芽后到幼果期，梨树萌芽期至展叶后25天内，即在担孢子传播、侵染的盛期喷药保护。可用石灰倍量式160至200倍波尔多液或25%的粉锈宁可湿性粉剂1500倍液喷一二次，均有较好防效。 4.桧柏喷药10月中旬至11月底，桧柏喷施0.3%五氯酚钠以杀除传到桧柏上的锈孢子，如用0.3%五氯酚钠混合1度石硫合剂则效果更好。3月上中旬，在桧柏上喷施3至5度石硫合剂一二次，或25%粉锈宁可湿性粉剂1000倍液，可有效抑制冬孢子萌发产生担孢子。<br></h3> <p style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; border: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">一 、 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">苹果腐烂病的发病症状：</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; border: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">苹果腐烂病有溃疡、枝枯和表面溃病3种类型。溃疡型在早春树干、枝树皮上出现红褐色、水渍状、微隆起、圆至长圆形病斑。质地松软，易撕裂，手压凹陷，流出黄褐色汁液，有酒糟味。后干缩，边缘有裂缝，病皮长出小黑点。潮湿时小黑点喷出金黄色的卷须状物。枝枯型在春季2～5年生枝上出现病斑，边缘不清晰，不隆起，不呈水渍状，后失水干枯，密生小黑粒点。表面溃疡型在夏秋落皮层上出现稍带红褐色、稍湿润的小溃疡斑。边缘不整齐，一般2～3厘米深，指甲大小至几十厘米，腐烂。后干缩呈饼状。晚秋以后形成溃疡斑 。 </span>二、苹果腐烂病的发生规律</h3><p style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; border: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">苹果腐烂病的发生规律有迹可循，一般的病菌会以分生孢子器、分生孢子角等形式存在于树皮内部越冬。在每年的 3—10 月，会出现分生孢子角，6—8 月之后出现的会更多。6—8 月是腐烂病恶化的最关键时期，孢子会利用雨水的传播，潜伏于树干的落皮层。虽然树木在逐渐地生长，但是病菌侵入之后，假如树木具有较强的抗病力，病菌会潜伏更长的时间。与之相反，树木长势较弱就会被侵染。晚秋 10—11 月，树木进入了休眠期，导致抗病力下降，出现第二次发病的高峰，此时应该注意选择科学的防治措施，这样才能获得明显的效果 。 三、<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">苹果腐烂病的发病原因：</span></h3><p style="word-break: break-all; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">①苹果套袋后用药间隔时间过长。</h3><p style="word-break: break-all; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">②树体负载量过大。</h3><p style="word-break: break-all; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">③肥料投入不足，结构不合理。</h3><p style="word-break: break-all; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">④清园药剂使用不当，病斑刮除治疗不及时。</h3><p style="word-break: break-all; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">⑤冻害也是诱发病害发生和流行的重要因素。</h3><p style="word-break: break-all; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"><br></h3><p style="word-break: break-all; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"></h3><p style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; border: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"></h3> <div class="content-title" style="overflow: hidden; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"><p style="padding-right: 17px; padding-left: 17px; border: 0px; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30px; position: relative; overflow: hidden;"><br></h3></div><div class="content-txt"><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; 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sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 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sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 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sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3>一、病原: 梨火疫病菌:, 亚洲梨火疫病:属欧氏杆菌属。后病部凹陷出现溃疡状呈褐色至黑色。</h3><h3><h3><h3><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span></h3></h3><h3><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span></h3></h3><h3><h3><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span></h3></h3><h3><h3><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span></h3></h3><h3><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span></h3><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: text-top; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 2px;"></span><section class="section j-nav-para-item" data-nav-para="4" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"><div class="content-main"><div class="content-txt"><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; padding-right: 17px; padding-left: 17px; border: 0px; line-height: 29px;"></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3></div></div></section><section class="section j-nav-para-item" data-nav-para="5"><div class="content-main"><div class="content-title" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; overflow: hidden; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><p style="float: right; width: 55px; height: 22px; padding: 4px 17px 4px 3px;"> </h3><div class="title-audio" style="float: right; width: 55px; height: 22px; padding: 4px 17px 4px 3px;"><span data-title="主要鉴定特征" data-id="5" class="audio" style="display: block;"></span></div><p style="padding-right: 17px; padding-left: 17px; border: 0px; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30px; position: relative; overflow: hidden;"><br></h3><h2 id="paragraph_5" style="padding-right: 17px; padding-left: 17px; border: 0px; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30px; position: relative; overflow: hidden;"></h2></div><div class="content-txt"><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; padding-right: 17px; padding-left: 17px; border: 0px; line-height: 29px;"><font color="#333333" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="white-space: normal;">二、症状 梨火疫病最典型的症状是花、果实和叶片受火疫病菌侵害后，很快变黑褐色枯萎，犹如火烧一般，但仍挂在树上不落，故此得名。目前国际上将其症状据受侵害的部位，分成5个阶段。 三、 发病规律</span></font></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; padding-right: 17px; padding-left: 17px; border: 0px; line-height: 29px;"><font color="#333333" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="white-space: normal;">病原细菌在枝干病部越冬，翌年通过昆虫和雨水传播。此病于初春随新稍生长而发生，夏季之后几乎不发生。病菌寄主范围广，可侵害蔷薇科大多数植物，其中已洋梨为多，日本梨较少。苹果、杏、李、樱桃及榅桲等亦能被害。</span></font></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; padding-right: 17px; padding-left: 17px; border: 0px; line-height: 29px;"><font color="#333333" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="white-space: normal;"><br></span></font></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; padding-right: 17px; padding-left: 17px; border: 0px; line-height: 29px;"><font color="#333333" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="white-space: normal;">四、病害防治</span></font></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; padding-right: 17px; padding-left: 17px; border: 0px; line-height: 29px;"><font color="#333333" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="white-space: normal;">1.栽培抗病品种是防治此病经济有效的方法。</span></font></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; padding-right: 17px; padding-left: 17px; border: 0px; line-height: 29px;"><font color="#333333" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="white-space: normal;"><br></span></font></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; padding-right: 17px; padding-left: 17px; border: 0px; line-height: 29px;"><font color="#333333" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="white-space: normal;">2.冬季剪除病稍及刮除枝干上的病皮，加以烧毁或深埋。花器发现病花，应立即剪除。</span></font></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; padding-right: 17px; padding-left: 17px; border: 0px; line-height: 29px;"><font color="#333333" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="white-space: normal;"><br></span></font></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; padding-right: 17px; padding-left: 17px; border: 0px; line-height: 29px;"><font color="#333333" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="white-space: normal;">3.在发病前喷布1:2:160～200波尔多液，以保护新稍等感病器官。注意及时防治传病昆虫。</span></font></h3></div></div></section></div> <div class="content-title" style="overflow: hidden; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"><p style="padding-right: 17px; padding-left: 17px; border: 0px; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30px; position: relative; overflow: hidden;">小麦条锈病</h3></div><div class="content-txt" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; padding-right: 17px; padding-left: 17px; border: 0px; line-height: 29px;"> 一、病状: 小麦条锈病主要发生在叶片上，其次是叶鞘和茎秆，穗部、颖壳及芒上也有发生。苗期染病，幼苗叶片上产生多层轮状排列的鲜黄色夏孢子堆。成株叶片初发病时夏孢子堆为小长条状，鲜黄色，椭圆形，与叶脉平行，且排列成行，像缝纫机轧过的针脚一样，呈虚线状，后期表皮破裂，出现锈被色粉状物；小麦近成熟时，叶鞘上出现圆形至卵圆形黑褐色夏孢子堆，散出鲜黄色粉末，即夏孢子。</h3><div class="content-title" style="overflow: hidden; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><p style="padding-right: 17px; padding-left: 17px; border: 0px; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30px; position: relative; overflow: hidden;">二、病原</h3></div><div class="content-txt"><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; padding-right: 17px; padding-left: 17px; border: 0px; line-height: 29px;"> Puccinia striiformis West. f. sp. tritici Eriks et Henn.称条形柄锈菌(小麦专化型)，属担子菌亚门真菌。菌丝丝状，有分隔，生长在寄主细胞间隙中，用吸器吸取小麦细胞内养料，在病部产生孢子堆。夏孢子单胞球形，鲜黄色，表面有细刺，大小32—40×22—29(μm)，有发芽孔6—12个。冬孢子双胞，棍棒形，顶部扁平或斜切，分隔处略缢缩，大小36—68×12—20(μm)，柄短。该菌致病性有生理分化现象，我国已发现29个生理小种，分别为条中1—29号，条锈菌生理小种很易产生变异，1950年以后已出现过5次优势小种的改变。 三、侵染循环:小麦条锈病菌主要以夏孢子在小麦上完成周年的侵染循环。目前尚未发现病菌的转主寄主。其侵染循环可分为越夏、侵染秋苗、越冬及春季流行四个环节。</h3><div class="content-title" style="overflow: hidden; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><p style="padding-right: 17px; padding-left: 17px; border: 0px; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30px; position: relative; overflow: hidden;">四、防治方法</h3></div><div class="content-txt"><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; padding-right: 17px; padding-left: 17px; border: 0px; line-height: 29px;"> 该病是气传病害，必须采取以种植抗病品种为主，药剂防治和栽培措施为辅的综合防治策略，才能有效地控制其为害。(1)选用抗病品种，做到抗源布局合理及品种定期轮换。(2)农业防治①适期播种，适当晚插，不要过早，可减轻秋苗期条锈病发生。②消除自生麦。③提倡施用酵素菌沤制的堆肥或腐熟有机肥，增施磷钾肥，搞好氮钾肥合理搭配，增强小麦抗病力。速效氮不宜过多、过迟，防止小麦贪青晚熟，加重受害。④合理灌溉， 土壤湿度大或雨后注意开沟排水，后期发病重的需适当灌水，减少产量损失。(3)药剂防治 在缺少抗病品种或原有抗病品种抗锈性丧失，又无接班品种的麦区，需要进行药剂防治。我国先后使用对锈病有效的杀菌剂有敌 钠酸、 敌锈钠、氟钡制剂、氨基碘酸钙、氟硅脲、萎锈灵、灭菌丹、代森锌等。</h3></div></div></div> 相关知识
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