首页 > 分享 > 放牧对大熊猫栖息地竹林及林下土壤性质影响

放牧对大熊猫栖息地竹林及林下土壤性质影响

花匠小妙招
2024-12-13 00:03

摘要: 人类活动的影响，导致了物种栖息地的急剧丧失和破碎化。大熊猫是生物多样性保护的旗舰种，受到人类干扰的严重威胁。全国第四次大熊猫调查结果显示，放牧成为大熊猫栖息地最严重的的人类干扰因子。探究放牧对栖息地影响的内在机制和科学管控措施也成为了近年来大熊猫生态学研究的热点。本项目于2022年4–6月在美姑自然保护区放牧最严重的区域，采用野外实地调查并结合微观分析相结合的方法，精确评估放牧家畜对大熊猫主食竹及林下栖息地土壤质量的影响。研究发现，牲畜利用的样方中竹子株高和基径都比大熊猫利用样方中低，并且枯死竹数量更高；放牧会增加林下土壤的容重和酸碱度，降低土壤水分含量，可能是造成竹子的枯死原因之一。研究结果有助于制定合理的保护管理策略，为解决大熊猫栖息地内严重的放牧问题提供科学依据。

Abstract: Due to the impact of human activities, the habitat of species is rapidly lost and fragmented. Giant panda is the flagship species of biodiversity protection, which is seriously threatened by human interference. According to the fourth national giant panda survey results, grazing has become the most serious human disturbance factor in the giant panda habitat lost. In recent years, exploring the internal mechanism and scientific control measures of grazing on the habitat has also become a hot spot in the ecological research of giant pandas. This project was conducted from April to June 2022 in Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, in the most severely grazed area, and the method of field investigation and microbial analysis was adopted to accurately assess the impact of grazing livestock on the soil quality of giant panda's staple food bamboo and forest habitat. The results showed that the height and diameter of bamboo in the quadrat used by livestock were lower than those in the quadrat used by giant pandas, and the number of dead bamboo was higher. Grazing increased the bulk density and pH of the soil under the forest, and reduced the soil moisture content, which may be one of the reasons for the death of bamboo. The research results are helpful to formulate reasonable protection and management strategies and provide scientific basis for solving the serious grazing problems in the giant panda habitat.oblems in the giant panda habitat.

图 1 美姑大风顶国家级自然保护区示意图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve

图 2 四类样方中土壤的性质变化

Figure 2. Changes of soil properties in four types of quadratss

图 3 不同竹子死亡比例的样方中土壤性质变化

Figure 3. Changes of soil properties in quadrats with different bamboo death ratios

表 1 不同样方竹子生长参数

Table 1 Growth parameters of bamboo in different quadrats

变量Variables牲畜利用
Utilized by livestock大熊猫利用
Utilized by the giant pandaMean±SDMean±SDT/ZP 成竹株高（cm）The height of the mature bamboo115.85±68.42153.62±37.67−3.7640.000*成竹基径（mm）The base diameter of the mature bamboo7.01±3.108.65±2.83−2.4220.023*枯死竹株数The number of the dead bamboo4.28±5.190.50±1.003.7800.001* [1]

David, Wake, Vance, et al. Colloquium paper: are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2008.

[2] 李行,黄尤优,阮涛,等. 基于MaxEnt模型的邛崃山系中华小熊猫栖息地适宜性评价[J]. 贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),2022,40(2):34−39. [3] 侯扶江,常生华,于应文,等. 放牧家畜的践踏作用研究评述[J]. 生态学报,2004(4):784−789. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2004.04.020 [4]

Fleischner T L. Ecological costs of livestock grazing in western North America[J]. Conservation Biology, 1994, 8(3): 629−644. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08030629.x

[5] 陈蔚,刘任涛,常海涛,等. 放牧对草地枯落物分解和土壤动物群落及其相互关系的影响[J]. 生态学杂志,2020,39(10):3482−3491. [6] 王乐,冯佳伟. 森林放牧对东北虎豹国家公园东部有蹄类动物灌草层食物资源的影响[J]. 兽类学报,2019,39(4):386−396. [7] 李俊生,宋延龄,王学志,等. 放牧压力条件下荒漠草原小型哺乳动物群落多样性的空间格局[J]. 生态学报,2005,25(1):51−58. [8]

Khanal G, Mishra C, Ramesh Suryawanshi K. Relative influence of wild prey and livestock abundance on carnivore‐caused livestock predation[J]. Ecology and evolution, 2020, 10(20): 11787−11797. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6815

[9] 秦莎莎,洪明生,韦伟,等. 四川乐安湿地冬季水鸟多样性研究[J]. 贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),2020,38(1):38−43. [10]

Wei F W, Costanza R, Dai Q, et al. The value of ecosystem services from giant panda reserves[J]. Current Biology, 2018, 28(13): 2174−2180. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.046

[11] 四川省林业厅. 四川的大熊猫-四川省第四次大熊猫调查报告[R]. 成都, 2015. [12]

Hull V, Zhang J D, Zhou S Q, et al. Impact of livestock on giant pandas and their habitat[J]. Journal for Nature Conservation, 2014, 22(3): 256−264. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2014.02.003

[13]

Li B B V, Pimm S L, Li S, et al. Free-ranging livestock threaten the long-term survival of giant pandas[J]. Biological Conservation, 2017, 216: 18−25. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2017.09.019

[14] 刘明冲,杨晓军,张清宇,等. 卧龙自然保护区 2013 年大熊猫主食竹监测分析报告[J]. 四川林业科技,2014,35(4):45−47. [15] 周世强,张晋东,HULL V,等. 野生大熊猫与放牧家畜采食竹子行为的比较[J]. 应用与环境生物学报,2021,27(5):1203−1209. [16] 胡锦矗. 卧龙的大熊猫[M]. 成都: 四川科技出版社, 1985. [17] 安慧,徐坤. 放牧干扰对荒漠草原土壤性状的影响[J]. 草业学报,2013,22(4):35−42. [18] 罗朝阳. 美姑大风顶自然保护区人工林对大熊猫主食竹的影响分析[J]. 绿色科技,2017(14):203−204. [19] 周学义,尹杭,孟凡露,等. 美姑大风顶自然保护区野猪冬季功能性生境特征[J]. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2014,42(7):21−28. [20] 崔仕权,徐亮,王春. 美姑大风顶国家级自然保护区大型真菌资源调查[J]. 林业实用技术,2005(5):31−32. [21] 黄金燕,刘巅,张明春,等. 放牧对卧龙大熊猫栖息地草本植物物种多样性与竹子生长影响[J]. 竹子研究汇刊,2017(2):57−64. [22] 曾娟娟. 放牧对王朗大熊猫栖息地及主食竹五大有机养分的影响[D]; 西华师范大学, 2017. [23] 罗莲莲,蒲丹,邱兰,等. 放牧对野生大熊猫种群及栖息地的影响[J]. 贵州师范大学学报:自然科学版,2019,37(6):52−57. [24] 李寅龙,刘星岑. 不同放牧强度影响下荒漠草原土壤物理性质变化研究[J]. 内蒙古科技与经济,2018(4):51−53. [25]

Winter S R, Unger P W. Irrigated wheat grazing and tillage effects on subsequent dryland grain sorghum production[J]. Agronomy Journal, 2001, 93(3): 504−510. DOI: 10.2134/agronj2001.933504x

[26] 李建龙,许鹏,孟林,等. 不同轮牧强度对天山北坡低山带蒿属荒漠春秋场土草畜影响研究[J]. 草业学报,1993,2(2):60−65. [27] 王仁忠. 放牧干扰对松嫩平原羊草草地的影响[J]. 东北师大学报:自然科学版,1996(4):77−82. [28] 李志洪,王淑华. 土壤容重对土壤物理性状和小麦生长的影响[J]. 土壤通报,2000,31(2):55−57. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:0564-3945.2000.02.003 [29] 潘云,吕殿青. 土壤容重对土壤水分入渗特性影响研究[J]. 灌溉排水学报,2009,28(2):59−61. [30] 侯彦会,周学辉,焦婷,等. 甘肃永昌县放牧草地土壤脲酶活性与土壤肥力的关系初探[J]. 草业学报,2009,18(4):111−116. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:1004-5759.2009.04.016 [31] 刘涌,李俊清,刘正霄,等. 大熊猫主食竹产地土壤重金属评价[J]. 四川林业科技,2021,42(1):25−28. DOI: 10.12172/202008110002 [32] 严积有, 徐凯然, 申新山. 放牧干扰对人工林土壤物理性状的影响[D], 2008, 28（6）: 138-141. [33] 贾树海,王春枝,孙振涛,等. 放牧强度和时期对内蒙古草原土壤压实效应的研究[J]. 草地学报,1999,7(3):217−222. [34] 赵勇钢,赵世伟,曹丽花,等. 半干旱典型草原区退耕地土壤结构特征及其对入渗的影响[J]. 农业工程学报,2008,24(6):14−20. [35] 李耀. 不同草地类型土壤理化性状对放牧制度的响应[D]; 硕士学位论文]. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古农业大学, 2010. [36] 朱志红, 李希来, 乔有明, 等. 克隆植物矮嵩草在放牧选择压力下的风险分散对策研究[J]. 2004, （12）: 62−68.