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四川栗子坪国家级自然保护区大熊猫主食竹形态特征及其立地环境初探

花匠小妙招
2024-12-13 00:03

摘要: 大熊猫在进化过程中形成了一系列策略适应竹子食物，如在不同季节可采食所处不同海拔的竹类，而不同海拔的竹子具有特定的形态特征和环境特点。本研究以四川栗子坪国家级自然保护区为研究区域，通过野外调查揭示小相岭山系大熊猫种群不同主食竹的形态特征和立地环境差异。结果表明，峨热竹、石棉玉山竹和丰实箭竹的基经和高度具有显著差异，低海拔的丰实箭竹具有最大的基经和高度，而高海拔峨热竹的基经和高度最小。不同竹种的立地环境不同，主要表现在海拔和乔木郁闭度上，不同竹种所需求的最适宜生长的乔木郁闭度不同。本研究结果可为该区域大熊猫栖息地恢复和管理，特别是大熊猫主食竹的精细化管理提供参考依据。

Abstract: Giant pandas have formed a series of strategies to adapt to bamboo food in the evolution process, such as eating bamboos at different altitudes in different seasons, and bamboos at different altitudes have specific morphological and environmental characteristics. In this study, Liziping National Nature Reserve in Sichuan province was taken as the study area, and the morphological characteristics and site environment differences of different staple food bamboos of giant panda populations in Xiaoxiangling Mountains were revealed through field investigation. The results showed that the basal diameter and height of A. spanostachya, Y. lineolata and F. ferax were significantly different. The F. ferax at low altitude had the largest basal diameter and height, while the A. spanostachya at higher altitude had the smallest basal diameter and height. Different bamboo species have different site environments, mainly in altitude and tree canopy density. Different bamboo species require different tree canopy which is most suitable for growth. The results of this study can provide reference for the habitat restoration and management of the giant pandas in this area, especially the refined management of the giant panda’s staple food bamboo.

图 1 不同竹种生境变量判别的散点图。

DF1，判别函数1，（F(2, 47)=456.20，P＜0.001）；DF2，判别函数2，（F(2, 47)=54.74，P＜0.001）

Figure 1. Discriminant scatter diagram of different bamboo species' habitat variables

DF1, Discriminant function 1 (F(2, 47)=456.20，P＜0.001); DF2, Discriminant function 2 (F(2, 47)=54.74，P＜0.001)

表 1 各变量的定义和测量

Table 1 Definition and measurement of variables

变量（单位）Variables(Units)描述与测量Definition and Measurement 海拔（m）生境样方（20 m×20 m）中心点的海拔坡度（°）生境样方（20 m×20 m）中心点的坡度水源距离（m）生境样方（20 m×20 m）中心点到可看见或听见水流的距离乔木高（m）生境样方（20 m×20 m）内高于5 m的乔木的平均高度乔木胸径（cm）生境样方（20 m×20 m）内高于5 m的乔木平均胸径乔木数量生境样方（20 m×20 m）内高于5 m的乔木数乔木郁闭度（%）生境样方（20 m×20 m）内高于5 m的乔木郁闭度（%）灌木高（m）生境样方（20 m×20 m）内高≤5 m的灌木的平均高度灌木盖度（%）生境样方（20 m×20 m）内高≤5 m的灌木平均胸径灌木数量生境样方（20 m×20 m）内高≤5 m的灌木数竹子盖度（%）3个竹子样方（1 m×1 m）平均竹子盖度（%）活竹总数3个竹子样方（1 m×1 m）平均活竹子数量竹子死亡数3个竹子样方（1 m×1 m）平均死亡竹子数量一年生竹数量3个竹子样方（1 m×1 m）平均一年生竹子数量一年生竹高（cm）3个竹子样方（1 m×1 m）平均一年生竹子高一年生竹基径（mm）3个竹子样方（1 m×1 m）平均一年生竹子基经二年生竹数量3个竹子样方（1 m×1 m）平均二年生竹子数量二年生竹高（cm）3个竹子样方（1 m×1 m）平均二年生竹子高二年生竹基径（mm）3个竹子样方（1 m×1 m）平均二年生竹子基经多年生竹数量3个竹子样方（1 m×1 m）平均多年生竹子数量多年生竹高（cm）3个竹子样方（1 m×1 m）平均多年生竹子高多年生竹基径（mm）3个竹子样方（1 m×1 m）平均多年生竹子基经

表 2 不同竹种特征变量之间的差异性

Table 2 Differences of bamboo characteristics among different bamboo species

变量Variables丰实箭竹F. ferax石棉玉山竹Y. lineolata峨热竹A. spanostachyaANOVA (F, P) 竹子盖度52.77±20.9252.75±15.7749.14±8.380.30, 0.75活竹总数34.83±7.3233.59±5.4932.53±4.580.63, 0.54竹子死亡数5.65±1.62a6.80±0.79b5.55±0.90a6.22,<0.01一年生竹数量7.90±1.927.71±1.177.14±1.421.12, 0.34一年生竹高347.09±110.57a306.55±46.97a175.42±31.20b26.95,<0.001一年生竹基径20.24±3.06a17.04±1.42b9.24±1.28c125.98,<0.001二年生竹数量7.81±1.53a10.00±2.06b8.06±1.02a9.42,<0.001二年生竹高321.00±94.35a276.18±51.44b187.70±31.42c18.74,<0.001二年生竹基径17.84±3.48a18.16±1.77a10.24±1.21b62.39,<0.001多年生竹数量19.13±5.82a15.88±3.16b17.33±3.21ab2.45, 0.097多年生竹高371.10±97.05a310.89±56.24b193.98±24.97c31.36,<0.001多年生竹基径21.14±3.64a19.14±1.26b10.80±1.27c94.73,<0.001

表 3 不同竹种生境变量之间的差异性

Table 3 Differences of habitat variables among different bamboo species

变量Variables丰实箭竹F. ferax石棉玉山竹Y. lineolata峨热竹A. spanostachyaANOVA (F, P) 海拔2064.06±165.10a2561.76±126.61b2896.35±128.31c145.81,<0.001坡度35.94±24.57a18.47±16.17b18.82±16.06b4.40, 0.02水源距离63.69±81.79a197.12±142.78b133.82±110.76ab5.54, 0.01乔木高20.56±8.0422.29±7.7018.24±4.931.44, 0.25乔木胸径20.31±10.16a24.65±10.99a38.35±11.69b12.27,<0.001乔木数量36.56±14.74a30.82±19.60a13.94±5.86b10.89,<0.001乔木郁闭度46.19±18.33a48.06±15.20a26.12±10.62b11.13,<0.001灌木高3.53±0.783.03±0.923.51±0.931.74, 0.19灌木盖度22.31±10.5217.47±14.6519.82±12.920.59, 0.56灌木数量20.63±10.26a14.12±12.94ab9.29±3.98b5.54, 0.01

表 4 竹子生境变量标准化的判别函数

Table 4 Standardized discriminant functions of bamboo habitat variables

变量Variables标准系数Standardized coefficients判别函数1
Discriminant function 1判别函数2
Discriminant function 2 海拔0.9780.211乔木郁闭度−0.214 0.977

表 5 竹子生境变量的判别预测

Table 5 Discriminant prediction of bamboo habitat variables

竹种
Bamboo species预测结果Predicted results丰实箭竹
F. ferax石棉玉山竹
Y. lineolata峨热竹
A. spanostachya 丰实箭竹F. ferax87.50 12.500.00石棉玉山竹
Y. lineolata5.9088.205.90峨热竹
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