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杏Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.

花匠小妙招
2024-12-14 21:40

别名：苦杏仁;杏子;杏树;普通杏;新疆野杏;杏仁;野杏;家杏;杏核仁;杏花;水晶杏;

科名：蔷薇科 Rosaceae

属名：杏属 Armeniaca

《中国植物志》第38卷025页
  1. 杏（山海经）　杏树（救荒本草），杏花（花镜），归勒斯（蒙语）
  Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. Encycl. Meth. Bot. 1: 2. 1783: Kost. in Fl. URSS 10: 586. pl. 38. f. 1. 1941; 东北木本植物图志 318. 1955; 俞德浚, 中国果树分类学 45. 图14. 1979. ——Prunus armeniaea L. Sp. Pl. 474. 1753; Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubh. 1: 637. f. 349 d. 350 i-1. 1906; 陈嵘, 中国树木分类学 465. 图358. 1937; 中国高等植物图鉴 2: 307. 图2343. 1972: 内蒙古植物志 3: 123. 图版64. 图1-5. 1977. ——Prunus tiliaefolia Salisb. Prodr. 350. 1796. ——Prunus armeniaca L. var. typica Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 29: 86. 1883.
  杏久经栽培，我国杏的主要栽培品种，按用途可分以下三类。▽1. 食用杏类果实大形，肥厚多汁，甜酸适度，着色鲜艳，主要供生食，也可加工用。在华北、西北各地的栽培品种约有200个以上。按果皮、果肉色泽约可分为三类：果皮黄白色的品种，如北京水晶杏、河北大香白杏；果皮黄色者，如甘肃金妈妈杏、山东历城大峪杏和青岛辘轴鲜等；果皮近红色的品种，如河北关老爷脸、山西永济红梅杏和清徐沙金红杏等。这些都是优良的食用品种。▽2. 仁用杏类果实较小，果肉薄。种仁肥大，味甜或苦，主要采用杏仁，供食用及药用，但有些品种的果肉也可干制。甜仁的优良品种，如河北的白玉扁、龙王扁、北山大扁队西的迟梆子、克拉拉等。苦仁的优良品种，如河北的西山大扁、冀东小扁等。▽3. 加工用杏类果肉厚，糖分多，便于干制。有些甜仁品种，可肉、仁兼用。例如新疆的阿克西米西、克孜尔苦曼提、克孜尔达拉斯等，都是鲜食、制千和取仁的优良品种。▽杏的常见栽培供观赏的树种，主要有以下类型：1．垂枝杏 f. pendula (Jager) Rehd.枝下垂。2．斑叶杏 f. variegata (West.) Zabel 叶有斑彩。
形态特征：落叶小乔木，高4-10米。单叶互生，卵形至近圆形，长5-9厘米，宽4-8悲哀，先端有短尖头或渐尖，基部圆形或微心形，边缘有圆钝锯齿，两面无毛或下面主脉具疏柔毛及腋间有髯毛；叶柄长2-3厘米，近顶端有2腺体。花单生，先叶开放，直径2-3厘米，无梗或有极短梗；花萼5裂，裂片卵形或椭圆形，花后反折；花瓣5，白色或稍带红色，圆形或倒卵形；雄蕊多数；子房上位，心皮1，有短柔毛。核果卵圆形，直径约2.5厘米，黄白色或黄红色，常有红晕，微被短柔毛或无毛；果肉多汁，核扁心形，沿腹两侧各有一棱。种子扁圆形，味苦或甜。花期3-4月，果期5-6月。
分布：各地
生境：栽培
繁殖方式：种子
习性：阳生
药用部位：种子
药用功能：感冒咳嗽、气喘、便秘
药用主治：感冒、咳嗽、支气管炎、支气管哮喘、肺脓肠、湿疹、狗咬伤

《Flora of China》 Vol. 9 (2003)
Armeniaca vulgaris Lamarck
杏 xing
Trees 5–8(–12) m tall, crown spherical, spherical-flattened, or elongated oblong. Bark grayish brown, longitudinally splitting. Older branchlets brownish, glabrous, transversely lenticellate; young branchlets reddish brown, with many pale lenticels. Winter buds purplish red, ovoid, 2–4 mm, glabrous or puberulous at scale margins, apex obtuse. Petiole 2–3.5 cm, glabrous or white pubescent, basally usually with 1–6 nectaries; leaf blade broadly ovate to orbicular-ovate, 5–9 × 4–8 cm, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially pubescent in vein axils, or adaxially white pubescent, base cuneate, broadly cuneate, rounded, or subcordate and with several nectaries, margin crenate, apex acute to shortly acuminate. Flowers solitary or occasionally paired, opening before leaves, 2–4.5 cm in diam. Pedicel 1–3 mm, pubescent. Hypanthium purplish green, shortly cylindrical, 5–7 × 3–4 mm, outside pubescent near base. Sepals purplish green, ovate to ovate-oblong, 3–5 mm, reflexed after anthesis, apex acute to rarely obtuse. Petals white, pink, or tinged with red, orbicular to obovate, 0.8–1.2 cm and ± as broad, margin shortly unguiculate, apex rounded. Stamens 20–100, slightly shorter than petals; filaments white; anthers yellow. Ovary pubescent. Style slightly longer to nearly as long as stamens, basally pubescent. Drupe white, yellow, orange, often tinged red, globose, ovoid, or rarely obovoid, 1.5 to more than 2.5 cm in diam., usually pubescent, glaucous or not; mesocarp succulent, not splitting when ripe; endocarp globose, ovoid, or ellipsoid, compressed laterally, often obtuse at ventral suture and more straight at dorsal suture, with keel-like ribs on ventral side, surface scabrous or smooth, base symmetric or rarely asymmetric, apex obtuse to ± rounded. Seed bitter or sweet. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Jun–Jul.
Sparse forests on mountain slopes, slopes, gullies, also cultivated; 700--3000 m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang [Japan, Korea; C Asia].
Apricots are cultivated for their edible fruit throughout China and in most temperate parts of the world. The seeds are also edible and used medicinally. Because of its long history of cultivation in China, it is difficult to know for certain whether specific collections are really wild or escaped from cultivation, but probably the species originated in C Asia.