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三种典型化学物质释放变态电离层的数值模拟研究

花匠小妙招
2025-01-07 23:21

摘要: 电离层人工变态会影响短波通信及卫星通信，对空间物理研究具有重要意义.基于中性气体扩散方程、离子化学反应方程及等离子体扩散方程，模拟了三种典型化学物质（氢气H2、二氧化碳CO2和三氟溴甲烷CF3Br）经点源和多源释放后导致的电离层三维扰动变化，并利用自适应变步长的三维数字射线追踪技术讨论了化学释放变态电离层对不同频率短波传播的影响.结果表明：点源释放时产生的"空洞"在水平面上沿磁场线方向的轴长略大于其垂直方向；在释放量及释放高度相同的前提下，H2扩散最快，CF3Br扩散最慢，但就t=100 s时电子密度最大相对变化率而言，CF3Br最大，CO2次之，H2最小；CF3Br释放形成的"空洞"垂直范围最小，开始发生穿透现象所需的短波频率最高；H2扰动下"空洞"边界的电子密度梯度最小，射线聚焦点明显偏高，聚焦效应最弱；多源释放产生类抛物线管状的电离层"空洞"结构，射线的传播路径更加多样，此时仍有聚焦效应出现，且聚焦点随射线频率增加而升高，聚焦效应减弱.

Abstract: Artificial ionospheric modification can disturb the short-wave communications and satellite communications. In this paper, on the basis of neutral gas diffusion equation, chemical reaction equation and plasma diffusion equation, the ionospheric disturbances caused by three representative chemicals (H2, CO2, CF3Br) are simulated with a 3D dynamics model. The short wave propagation in disturbed ionosphere is also investigated with a 3D digital ray tracing method. The results show that single-point releases generate ellipse-like ionospheric holes, and a slightly larger scale is found along magnetic field than vertical direction in the hole's horizontal plane. With the same amount of substance and same release altitude, H2 diffuses fastest and CF3Br diffuses slowest, but as for the maximum relative change rate of electron density at t=100 s, CF3Br corresponds to the highest rate while H2 corresponds to the lowest. The release of CF3Br results in the smallest vertical range of ionospheric hole, so the ray firstly penetrating the hole is at a higher frequency than that of CO2 and CF3Br. The release of H2 results in the smallest electron density gradient at the hole's boundary among three chemicals, so the altitude of ray focus point is always higher than that of CO2 and CF3Br, indicating the weakest focus effect. Multipoint releases generate parabola-like tubular holes and lead to more diverse ray paths as well as ray focus effect. The altitude of focus point elevates with higher ray frequency, which is consistent with the single-point release condition.

图 1 化学物质释放扰动电离层数值模拟流程图

Fig. 1 The flowchart of the numerical simulation of chemical release in ionosphere

图 2 CO2点源释放点处电子密度垂直廓线演化图

(红色虚线为t=300 s时电子密度减少量)

Fig. 2 The variation of electron density profiles at the point of single-point CO2 release

(The red dotted line shows the electron density reduction at t=300 s)

图 3 CO2点源释放100 s后释放物浓度分布三维图

Fig. 3 The 3D distribution of CO2 after 100 s of single-point CO2 release

图 4 CO2点源释放100 s后电子密度分布图

Fig. 4 The 3D distribution of electron density after 100 s of single-point CO2 release

图 5 点源释放点处电子密度垂直剖面图

(红色虚线为t=100 s时电子密度减少量)

Fig. 5 The variation of electron density profiles at the point of single-point releases

(The red dotted line shows the electron density reduction at t=100 s)

图 6 点源释放后100 s时释放物浓度在y=0 km处切面图

Fig. 6 The distribution of released chemicals at y=0 km after 100 s of single-point releases

图 7 点源释放后100 s时电子密度在y=0 km处切面图

Fig. 7 The distribution of electron density at y=0 km after 100 s of single-point releases

图 8 点源释放100 s后不同频率短波三维射线追踪结果

注:a1、a2、a3、a4:CF3Br; b1、b2、b3、b4:CO2; c1、c2、c3、c4:H2; 背景图为y=-1 km处切面图, 单位为106 cm-3; 射线图为自南向北的侧视图

Fig. 8 The 3D ray tracing simulations of short-wave propagation at different frequencies after 100 s of single-point releases

(The background is the slice of electron density distribution at y=-1 km, unit:106 cm-3; the rays are shown in a side view from south to north)

图 9 多源释放后100 s时释放物浓度在y=0 km处切面图

Fig. 9 The distribution of released chemicals at y=0 km after 100 s of multipoint releases

图 10 多源释放后100 s时电子密度在y=0 km处切面图

Fig. 10 The distribution of electron density at y=0 km after 100 s of multipoint releases

图 11 多源释放100 s后不同频率短波三维射线追踪结果

注:a1、a2、a3、a4:CF3Br; b1、b2、b3、b4:CO2; c1、c2、c3、c4:H2; 背景图为y=-1 km处切面图, 单位为106 cm-3; 射线图为自南向北的侧视图

Fig. 11 The 3D ray tracing simulations of short-wave propagation at different frequencies after 100 s of multipoint releases

(The background is the slice of electron density distribution at y=-1 km, unit:106 cm-3; The rays are shown in a side view from south to north)

表 1 中性气体的反应方程及反应速率[21]

Tab. 1 Chemical reaction equations of neural gases and the reaction rates

物质名称反应方程反应速率/(cm3·s-1) H2 H2+O+→OH++H
OH++e-→O*+H k1=1.7×10-9
k2=7.5×10-8(300/Te)0.5 CO2 CO2+O+→O2++CO
O2++e-→ O*+O** k3=9.4×10-10
k4=1.9×10-7(300/Te)0.5 CF3Br CF3Br+ e-→ Br-+CF3
Br-+O+→Br*+O* ${k_5} = frac{{2.8 times {{10}^{-7}}}}{{1 + 0.6exp left({998/{T_{rm{e}}}} right)}}$
k6=2×10-7 注:星号(*)表示原子或分子处于激发态; Te表示电子温度 [1]

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