崇明东滩互花米草资源化利用生态工程系统生态经济评价

• 花匠小妙招
• 2025-01-11 22:55

摘要:

应用生态工程原理，构建互花米草（Spartina alterniflora）生长-收割运输-生物矿质液-降脂胶囊-生物炭-护岸材料产业链，对崇明东滩互花米草进行资源化利用。运用能值分析法对互花米草资源化利用系统的能值效益和经济效益进行综合评价。整个系统具有良好的经济效益，经济净收益为9.64E+09＄，经济产投比为27.78，均高于相似的海岸生态经济系统和其他互花米草生态工程。降脂胶囊子系统在所有子系统中具有最大的经济投入和经济产出，经济净收益为9.28E+09＄，占整个系统的96%。整个系统的净能值效益为3.98E+22 sej，能值投资率和能值产出率高。社会经济的高度投入增加了系统的环境负荷，系统环境负载率为154.634，可持续发展指数为0.182。总体而言，互花米草资源化利用生态工程系统经济竞争力强，具有长期发展的潜力。

Abstract:

According to the principles of ecoengineering sciences, Spartina alterniflora in Chongming Dongtan can be utilized as a resource by an industrial chain, i. e. plant growth-harvest and transportation-bio-mineral liquid-lipid-lowering capsule-biochar-revetment materials. The emergy synthesis was used to comprehensively evaluate emergy and economic yields of such resource utilization system regarding S. alterniflora. The system has good economic yields, with a net yield of 9.64E+09 $ and an output-input ratio of 27.78, being significantly greater than other similar coastal economic systems and other ecological engineering regarding S. alterniflora. The lipid-lowering capsule subsystem had the greatest economic input-output ratio among all subsystems, with net economic yield of 9.28E+09 $, accounting for 96% of the entire system. The net emergy yield of such entire system was 3.98E+22 sej, indicating a high emergy input-output ratio. The high social and economic inputs increased the environmental load of the system, with an environmental load ratio of 154.634 and an emergy sustainable development index of 0.182. In conclusion, the resource utilization system for S. alterniflora has a strong economic competitiveness and a long-term development potential.

图  1   互花米草资源化利用工程能值系统图

Figure  1.   Emergy systems diagram of the ecological engineering system for the utilization of Spartina alterniflora

表  1   互花米草资源化利用工程能值分析结果

Table  1   Emergy analysis of the ecological engineering system for the utilization of Spartina alterniflora

项目 原始数据 能值转换率 太阳能值/sej 能值-货币价值/＄ 1互花米草生长系统   输入     可更新环境资源(R1)       太阳能 6.75E+16 J 1.00E+00sej·J-1[28]62-75 6.75E+16 1.65E+04       风能 1.22E+14 J 7.91E+02sej·J-1[28]62-75 9.65E+16 2.36E+04       雨水化学能 7.41E+13 J 1.96E+04 sej·J-1[28]62-75 1.45E+18 3.55E+05       雨水势能 6.17E+11 J 1.13E+04sej·J-1[28]62-75 6.97E+15 1.70E+03       潮汐能 3.44E+14 J 2.13E+04sej·J-1[28]62-75 7.33E+18 1.79E+06       地球旋转能 1.50E+13 J 3.68E+04sej·J-1[28]62-75 5.52E+17 1.35E+05       小计 6.81E+16 J 9.50E+18 2.32E+06     不可更新环境资源(N1)       表土流失能 1.28E+13 J 7.94E+04sej·J-1[28]62-75 1.02E+18 2.48E+05     输入总和 1.05E+19 2.57E+06   输出     互花米草生物量 4.80E+04 t 5.28E+14sej·t-1[36] 2.53E+19 6.20E+06     护岸作用 3.35E+05 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 1.37E+18 3.35E+05     鸟类多样性 5.36E+11 J 3.81E+07sej·J-1[35] 2.04E+19 4.99E+06     大型底栖动物多样性 5.11E+13 J 1.91E+06 sej·J-1[35] 9.76E+19 2.39E+07     土壤库       有机质 9.67E+13 J 4.45E+03sej·J-1[35] 4.30E+17 1.05E+05       总磷 2.22E+08 g 2.26E+10sej·g-1[35] 5.02E+18 1.23E+06       总氮 1.85E+08 g 5.84E+09sej·g-1[35] 1.08E+18 2.64E+05       总钾 2.53E+08 g 2.21E+09sej·g-1[35] 5.59E+17 1.37E+05       含水量 7.70E+11 J 5.21E+04sej·J-1[35] 4.01E+16 9.81E+03       小计 7.13E+18 1.74E+06     植被固定二氧化碳 3.03E+06 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 1.24E+19 3.03E+06     植被释放氧气 3.24E+06 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 1.33E+19 3.24E+06     栖息地价值 4.58E+05 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 1.87E+18 4.58E+05     输出总和 1.79E+20 4.38E+07 2互花米草收割运输系统   输入     购买的不可更新资源(FN2)       柴油 2.12E+04 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 8.66E+16 2.12E+04       人力(收割) 7.58E+03 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 3.10E+16 7.58E+03       人力(运输) 1.21E+05 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 4.96E+17 1.21E+05   输出     互花米草 1.95E+04 t 5.28E+14sej·t-1[36] 1.03E+19 2.52E+06 3生物矿质液提取系统   输入     互花米草 1.95E+04 t 5.28E+14sej·t-1[36] 1.03E+19 2.52E+06     购买的可更新资源(FR3)       纯净水 3.51E+12 J 4.02E+07sej·J-1[36] 1.41E+20 3.45E+07       生物质能源 7.79E+03 t 9.68E+12sej·t-1[36] 7.54E+16 1.84E+04     购买的不可再生资源(FN3)       人力 3.40E+11 J 2.20E+06sej·J-1[36] 7.49E+17 1.83E+05       加热器 2.13E+02 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 8.73E+14 2.13E+02       沸浴锅 2.13E+02 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 8.73E+14 2.13E+02       浓缩仪 2.13E+02 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 8.73E+14 2.13E+02       电力 8.48E+13 J 2.21E+05sej·J-1[36] 1.88E+19 4.58E+06   输出     生物矿质液(BML) 2.32E+08 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 9.51E+20 2.32E+08     残渣 1.10E+06 ＄ 4.09E+12 sej·＄-1[36] 4.50E+18 1.10E+06 4降脂胶囊制备系统   输入     生物矿质液(BML) 2.32E+08 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 9.51E+20 2.32E+08     购买的可更新资源(FR4)       米草粉 8.35E+05＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 3.42E+18 8.35E+05     购买的不可再生资源(FN4)       人力 1.41E+04 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 5.77E+16 1.41E+04       胶囊壳 3.14E+08 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 1.28E+21 3.14E+08       搅拌机 1.43E+02 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 5.86E+14 1.43E+02       微波干燥器 3.80E+02 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 1.55E+15 3.80E+02       胶囊填充器 1.03E+03 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 4.20E+15 1.03E+03       电力 4.26E+13 J 2.21E+05sej·J-1[36] 9.41E+18 2.30E+06   输出     降脂胶囊 9.83E+09 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 4.02E+22 9.83E+09 5残渣制备生物炭系统   输入     残渣 1.10E+06 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 4.50E+18 1.10E+06     购买的不可再生资源(FN5)       设备投入 3.47E+05 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 1.42E+18 3.47E+05       电力投入 1.18E+05 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 4.82E+17 1.18E+05       人力投入 4.04E+05 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 1.65E+18 4.04E+05   输出     生物炭 5.15E+06 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 2.11E+19 5.15E+06 6护岸材料制备系统   输入     生物炭 5.15E+06 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 2.11E+19 5.15E+06     购买的可更新资源(FR6)       淤泥 4.85E+05 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 1.98E+18 4.85E+05       黏土质骨料 2.97E+05 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 1.21E+18 2.97E+05     购买的不可再生资源(FN6)       钙质添加剂 8.70E+05 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 3.56E+18 8.70E+05       固化剂 1.45E+05 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 5.95E+17 1.45E+05       能耗         用水 3.39E+04 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 1.39E+17 3.39E+04         用电 3.88E+04 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 1.59E+17 3.88E+04         燃料能源 6.15E+05 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 2.51E+18 6.15E+05       其他         人工费 6.19E+04 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 2.53E+17 6.19E+04         耗材费 6.45E+03 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 2.64E+16 6.45E+03         运维费 3.23E+03 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 1.32E+16 3.23E+03         设备折旧 9.87E+04 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 4.04E+17 9.87E+04   输出     护岸材料 2.23E+08 ＄ 4.09E+12sej·＄-1[36] 9.12E+20 2.23E+08有关互花米草生长系统的原始数据来源及计算，前文均有所提及。收割运输系统、生物炭制备系统、护岸材料制备系统投入和产出的物质及其原始数据为实地调研所得，BML制备系统、降脂胶囊制备系统的工艺流程及相关的投入产出数据参考LU等[36]的研究。其中，收割运输系统主要考虑人力和能源消耗，其他投入如收割机等未作考虑。能值转换率主要参考蓝盛芳等[28]62-75、LIU等[35]、LU等[36]的研究成果。该文以最新的全球能值基线12.0E+24 sej·a-1作为能值研究的基础，其他能值基线的能值转化率通过基线换算转换成该研究使用的能值转换率[37]。能值-货币价值以美元为单位，采用1美元兑换6.7人民币的汇率，能值/货币比率取4.09E+12 sej·＄-1[36]。

表  2   米草资源化利用工程系统能值指标计算结果

Table  2   Emergy indices of the ecological engineering system for the utilization of Spartina alterniflora

指标名称 单位 表达式 米草生长 收割运输 BML 降脂胶囊 生物炭 护岸材料 总计可更新环境资源能值投入 sej R 9.50E+18 0 0 0 0 0 9.50E+18 不可更新环境资源能值投入 sej N 1.02E+18 0 0 0 0 0 1.02E+18 购买的可更新资源能值投入 sej FR 0 0 1.51E+20 9.54E+20 8.05E+18 2.43E+19 1.48E+20 购买的不可再生资源能值投入 sej FN 0 6.13E+17 1.95E+19 1.29E+21 3.55E+18 7.66E+18 1.32E+21 能值产出 sej Y 1.79E+20 1.03E+19 9.70E+20 4.02E+22 2.11E+19 9.12E+20 4.13E+22 净能值效益(NEY，YNE) sej YNE=Y-(R+FR+FN) 1.70E+20 9.69E+18 8.00E+20 3.80E+22 9.50E+18 8.80E+20 3.98E+22 净效益(NEB，BNE) sej BNE=Y-(FR+FN) 1.79E+20 9.69E+18 8.00E+20 3.80E+22 9.50E+18 8.80E+20 3.98E+22 能值产出率(EYR，REY) REY=Y/(FR+FN) 16.803 5.689 17.914 1.819 28.536 28.134 环境负载率(ELR，REL) REL=(FR+FN+N)/R 0.107 154.634 REL*=(N+FN)/(R+FR) 0.107 0.129 1.352 0.441 0.315 8.387 可持续发展指数(ESI，IES) IES=REY/REL 0.182IES*=REY/REL* 44.054 13.248 4.125 90.524 3.354BML为生物矿质液。除米草生长外的子系统没有可更新环境资源的能值投入，REL和IES可用于总系统的计算，但不适用于子系统，故子系统采用REL*和IES*进行计算[38]。

表  3   互花米草资源化利用工程系统经济指标值

Table  3   Economic indices of the ecological engineering system for the utilization of Spartina alterniflora

项目 经济投入/＄ 经济产出/＄ 经济净收益/＄ 经济产投比1互花米草生长系统 0 0 0 2互花米草收割运输系统 1.50E+05 2.52E+06 2.37E+06 16.80 3生物矿质液提取系统 4.18E+07 2.34E+08 1.92E+08 5.60 4降脂胶囊制备系统 5.49E+08 9.83E+09 9.28E+09 17.91 5残渣制备生物炭系统 1.97E+06 5.15E+06 3.18E+06 2.61 6护岸材料制备系统 7.81E+06 2.23E+08 2.15E+08 28.55 总计 3.60E+08 1.00E+10 9.64E+09 27.78

表  4   米草资源化利用工程系统与其他相关生态经济系统能值比较

Table  4   Ecological economic comparison between Spartina alterniflora ecological engineering system and other related ecological economic systems

项目 NEY/sej NEB/sej EYR ELR ESI 经济净收益/＄ 经济产投比 来源文献米草资源化利用工程系统 3.98E+22 3.98E+22 28.134 154.634 0.182 9.64E+09 27.78 该研究 海岸(河口)生态经济系统   水产养殖     鳝鱼 2.14E+17 2.23E+17 1.04 23.42 0.05 9.97E+04 ＄·hm-2 2.59 [45]     黑鱼 2.37E+17 2.48E+17 1.05 20.17 0.05 6.82E+04 ＄·hm-2 2.69 [45]     鲈鱼 3.04E+17 3.15E+17 1.04 26.14 0.04 7.31E+04 ＄·hm-2 2.99 [45]     沙蚕 1.02E+18 1.23E+18 3.33 4.61 0.72 3.01E+05 2.49 [35]     蛤 2.06E+18 2.66E+18 2.24 4.18 0.54 6.50E+05 2.10 [35]   果园     香蕉 7.00E+13 1.47E+15 1.04 10.01 0.10 8.99E+03 ＄·hm-2 2.52 [46]     木瓜 6.49E+15 7.90E+15 1.16 4.06 0.29 9.05E+03 ＄·hm-2 1.82 [46]     石榴 1.32E+16 1.46E+16 1.31 3.24 0.40 9.62E+03 ＄·hm-2 1.98 [46]     黄皮 8.92E+15 1.03E+16 1.30 6.60 0.20 2.35E+04 ＄·hm-2 4.87 [46]   海洋牧场     2011年 1.13E+21 1.19E+21 11.61 6.36 1.83 1.43E+08 12.11 [47]     2013年 1.29E+21 1.35E+21 4.51 3.92 1.15 1.75E+08 7.17 [47]   其他互花米草生态工程     绿色食品开发 2.57E+12 2.91E+12 6.34 1.57 4.04 1.65E+06 5.71 [48]     护堤+BML 8.12E+18 2.58E+19 5.68 9.05 0.63 1.65E+06 5.71 [49]     护堤+BML+降脂胶囊 8.14E+18 2.60E+19 12.50 12.24 1.02 3.52E+06 8.32 [49]     七步加工产业链 4.32E+15 1.008 132.928 0.008 3.66E+06 ＄·hm-2 29.58 [36]NEY为净能值效益，NEB为净效益，EYR为能值产出率，ELR为环境负载率，ESI为可持续发展指数。 [1]

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