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雌雄同株黄连木嫁接技术和嫁接树开花结实特性

花匠小妙招
2025-09-19 18:03

摘要:

目的

本研究旨在探究不同嫁接方法和不同接穗类型对黄连木嫁接成活率的影响，以及雌雄同株嫁接树的性别表现和结实特性。

方法

以自然散生6年生黄连木幼树和2年生黄连木实生幼苗为砧木，分别选取8株雌雄同株采穗母树和25份不同种源的黄连木枝条作为接穗，采用枝接和芽接进行嫁接，统计分析黄连木嫁接成活率、嫁接前后接穗的性别表现和嫁接树果实性状等指标。

结果

（1）嫁接方法和接穗材料的类型对黄连木嫁接成活率有显著影响，枝接平均嫁接成活率显著高于芽接；且浙江西湖接穗的平均嫁接成活率最高，显著高于河北邢台、云南观音山、山东泰山等13个种源，云南观音山接穗的平均嫁接成活率最低，显著低于其他种源；除Pcb3-19、Pcb1-2外，Pcb3-18和Pcb1-3显著高于其他嫁接类型的平均嫁接成活率。（2）雌雄同株嫁接树当年生枝的性别类型与其嫁接前的接穗类型不完全相同，表明雌雄同株嫁接树性别存在不稳定性。（3）在单株水平上，雌雄同株嫁接树的果实性状优于雌雄同株实生树，雌雄同株嫁接树优株的雌花果实性状优于两性花果实。

结论

在单株水平上，雌雄同株嫁接树的雌花果实性状最优。嫁接时采用枝接，接穗选择雌雄同株的雌花枝，可提高雌雄同株黄连木的嫁接成活率和提升果实性状。本研究为快速繁育雌雄同株黄连木并提升其果实性状的嫁接技术提供了理论依据。

关键词: 黄连木 / 雌雄同株 / 嫁接 / 果实性状 / 性别表现

Abstract:

Objective

This paper aims to investigate the effects of different grafting methods and different scion types on the grafting survival rate of Pistacia chinensis, as well as the sex performance and fruiting characteristics of monoecious grafted trees.

Method

We used naturally dispersed 6-year-old P. chinensis young trees and 2-year-old P. chinensis live seedlings as rootstocks, selected 8 monoecious scion-seed trees and 25 branches of P. chinensis from different seed sources as scions, and grafted them by branching and budding. We statistically analyzed the survival rate of P. chinensis grafting, the sex performance of scion before and after grafting, and the fruiting characteristics of grafted trees.

Result

(1) The grafting method and the type of scion material had a significant effect on the grafting survival rate of P. chinensis. The average survival rate of branch grafting was significantly higher than that of bud grafting. The average grafting survival rate of the scion from Xihu Lake in Zhejiang Province of eastern China was the highest, which was significantly higher than those of 13 seed sources such as Xingtai in Hebei Province of northern China, Guanyin Mountain in Yunnan Province of southwestern China, and Taishan Mountain in Shandong Province of eastern China, etc. That of the scion from Guanyin Mountain in Yunnan Province was the lowest, which was significantly lower than those of other seed sources. Except for Pcb3-19 and Pcb1-2, Pcb3-18 and Pcb1-3 were significantly higher than the average survival rate of other grafting types. (2) The sex types of current year’s branches of monoecious grafted trees were not exactly the same as those of their scion types before grafting, indicating that the sex of monoecious grafted trees was unstable. (3) At the single-plant level, the fruit traits of monoecious grafted trees were better than those of monoecious live trees, and the fruit traits of female flowers in monoecious grafted trees were superior to those of hermaphrodite flowers.

Conclusion

At the single-plant level, the female flowers and fruits of the monoecious grafted trees have the best traits. The use of branch grafting and the selection of female flowering branches from monoecious plants can increase the survival rate of grafting and improve fruit traits of monoecious P. chinensis. The study provides a theoretical basis for the grafting technology of rapid breeding of monoecious P. chinensis and improvement of its fruit traits.

不同小写字母表示同一地区不同嫁接方法对嫁接成活率的影响存在显著差异（P < 0.05）。 Different lowercase letters indicate significant (P < 0.05) differences in grafting survival rates by varied grafting methods in the same region.

图 1 枝接、芽接对嫁接成活率的影响

Figure 1. Effects of branch-grafting, bud-grafting on grafting survival rates

表 1 不同性别的接穗材料对嫁接成活率的影响

Table 1 Effects of different sexes of scion material on the survival rate of grafting

接穗编号
Scion No. 资源类型
Resource type 平均嫁接成活率
Average grafting
survival rate/% Pcb3-18 雌花枝 Pistillate branch 76.67 ± 1.62 a Pcb1-3 雌花枝 Pistillate branch 73.33 ± 1.67 a Pcb3-19 发育枝 Developed branch 63.33 ± 5.28 ab Pcb1-2 雄花枝 Staminate branch 63.33 ± 11.90 ab Pcb5-20 雌花枝 Pistillate branch 53.33 ± 3.33 bc Pcb8-13 发育枝 Developed branch 53.33 ± 7.99 bc Pcb5-21 发育枝 Developed branch 43.33 ± 0.47 c Pcb2-5 雄花枝 Staminate branch 43.33 ± 7.29 c Pcb1-1 两性花枝 Hermaphrodite flower branch 43.33 ± 7.21 c Pcb4-23 发育枝 Developed branch 26.67 ± 1.67 d Pcb4-22 雌花枝 Pistillate branch 23.33 ± 7.39 d Pcb7-16 发育枝 Developed branch 23.33 ± 8.10 d Pcb2-6 雌花枝 Pistillate branch 23.33 ± 10.83 d Pcb6-9 雄花枝 Staminate branch 6.67 ± 5.95 e Pcb6-8 雌花枝 Pistillate branch 6.67 ± 2.00 e Pcb1-4 发育枝 Developed branch 6.67 ± 1.72 e Pcb7-15 雄花枝 Staminate branch 3.33 ± 0.98 e Pcb8-12 雄花枝 Staminate branch 3.33 ± 1.19 e Pcb6-10 发育枝 Developed branch 3.33 ± 0.72 e Pcb6-7 两性花枝 Hermaphrodite flower branch 3.33 ± 0.54 e Pcb3-17 两性花枝Hermaphrodite flower branch 0.00 ± 0.00 e Pcb7-14 两性花枝 Hermaphrodite flower branch 0.00 ± 0.00 e Pcb8-11 两性花枝 Hermaphrodite flower branch 0.00 ± 0.00 e 注：同列不同小写字母表示不同性别类型的接穗材料对嫁接成活率的影响存在显著差异（P < 0.05）。Note: different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) in the effect of different sex types of scion material on grafting survival rate.

表 2 不同种源的接穗材料对嫁接成活率的影响

Table 2 Effects of different provenances of scion material on grafting survival rates

接穗编号
Scion No. 种源
Provenance 平均嫁接成活率
Average grafting
survival rate/% LGC1-67 河北唐县 Tangxian, Hebei 95.83 ± 2.03 abc SH2-SJ2 河北邢台 Xingtai, Hebei 89.68 ± 3.74 f GYS1-4 云南观音山
Guanyin Mountain, Yunnan 82.11 ± 2.04 g YX1-5 山东泰山 Taishan Mountain, Shandong 90.80 ± 1.85 def GL1-5 山东曲阜 Qufu, Shandong 94.30 ± 2.64 cd MAS1-5 河南林州 Linzhou, Henan 90.03 ± 2.22 ef SMF1-BWL5 河南嵩县 Songxian County, Henan 97.22 ± 2.41 abc BWL1-5 河南洛阳 Luoyang, Henan 91.42 ± 0.44 def WJC1-9 河南鹤山 Heshan Mountain, Henan 96.76 ± 2.89 abc SY1-5 河南济源 Jiyuan, Henan 97.50 ± 2.21 abc GZZ1-JWX1 湖北秭归 Zigui, Hubei 88.45 ± 0.83 f MYD1-5 湖北宜昌 Yichang, Hubei 97.09 ± 2.52 abc DQS1-BST3 浙江普陀 Putuo, Zhejiang 89.28 ± 0.72 f ZWY1-TYL1 浙江西湖 Xihu Lake, Zhejiang 100.00 ± 0.00 a DTC1-5 广西雁山 Yanshan Mountain, Guangxi 91.42 ± 0.44 def HYS1-12 安徽滁州 Chuzhou, Anhui 97.15 ± 0.13 abc SFS1-5 北京房山 Fangshan, Beijing 98.81 ± 2.06 ab ZWSF1-ZWS16 北京植物研究所
Beijing Botanical Research Institute 96.97 ± 1.31 abc BDC1-10 北京石景山
Shijingshan, Beijing 96.49 ± 0.59 abc An1-陕29 陕西平利 Pingli, Shaanxi 95.99 ± 0.94 abc SC1-5 四川资阳 Ziyang, Sichuan 94.19 ± 5.04 cd XXS3-XJW3 贵州金沙 Jinsha, Guizhou 93.85 ± 1.96 cde ZSW1-MXC1 江西彭泽 Pengze, Jiangxi 94.67 ± 1.06 bcd ZJA1-GYQ4 江西星子 Xingzi, Jiangxi 94.88 ± 0.98 bcd YBY1-WQ1 重庆渝北 Yubei, Chongqing 96.15 ± 3.85 abc 注：同列不同小写字母表示不同种源的接穗材料对嫁接成活率的影响存在显著差异（P < 0.05）。Notes: different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) in the effect of scion material from different seed sources on grafting survival rates.

表 3 嫁接树接穗材料情况

Table 3 Scion material information of grafting trees

接穗材料母树编号
Female tree No. of scion material 接穗原资源类型
Original type of scion resource 嫁接树编号
Grafting tree No. 当年生枝类型
Current year’s branch type Pcb1-1 两性花枝
Hermaphrodite flower branch a-3 纯雌花枝 Pure female flowering branch Pcb1-2 雄花枝 Staminate flower branch b-1 纯雌花枝，混合花枝
Pure female flowering branch, mixed flowering branch b-3 纯雌花枝，混合花枝
Pure female flowering branch, mixed flowering branch b-6 纯雌花枝，发育枝
Pure female flowering branch, developed branch Pcb1-3 雌花枝 Pistillate flower branch c-1 纯雌花枝 Pure female flowering branch c-2 纯雌花枝 Pure female flowering branch c-3 纯雌花枝 Pure female flowering branch c-4 发育枝 Developed branch c-5 纯雌花枝 Pure female flowering branch c-6 纯雌花枝，混合花枝
Pure female flowering branch, mixed flowering branch c-9 发育枝 Developed branch c-10 纯雌花枝 Pure female flowering branch c-11 发育枝 Developed branch Pcb4-23 发育枝 Developed branch d-11 纯雌花枝，混合花枝
Pure female flowering branch, mixed flowering branch

表 4 雌雄同株嫁接树与实生树雌花果实的果实性状比较

Table 4 Comparison of fruit characteristics between monoecious grafted trees and fruiting trees with female flowers

果实类型
Fruit type 平均横径
Average cross
diameter/mm 平均第一纵径
Average first
longitudinal
diameter/mm 平均第二纵径
Average second
longitudinal
diameter/mm 平均体积
Average
volume/mm3 平均单粒质量
Average mass
per kernel/g 平均体积质量比
Average volume-
to-mass ratio/(mm3·g−1) 嫁接树雌花果实
Pistillate fruit of grafted tree 6.64 ± 0.50 b 6.37 ± 0.52 a 5.61 ± 0.59 a 125.38 ± 25.49 a 0.11 ± 0.02 a 1 160.06 ± 176.82 a 实生树雌花果实
Pistillate fruits of live tree 6.70 ± 0.51 a 5.63 ± 0.48 b 4.89 ± 0.40 b 97.74 ± 18.92 b 0.08 ± 0.30 b 1 549.03 ± 969.62 b 注：同列不同小写字母表示雌雄同株的嫁接树与实生树的果实性状存在显著差异（P < 0.05）。Note: different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) in fruiting traits between monoecious grafted and live trees.

表 5 雌雄同株嫁接树的雌花和两性花果实性状比较

Table 5 Comparison of fruit traits of female and bisexual flowers of monoecious grafted trees

果实类型
Fruit type 平均横径
Average cross
diameter/mm 平均第一纵径
Average first
longitudinal
diameter/mm 平均第二纵径
Average second
longitudinal
diameter/mm 平均体积
Average
volume/mm3 平均单粒质量
Average mass
per kernel/g 平均体积质量比
Average volume-
to-mass ratio/(mm3·g−1) 嫁接树雌花果实
Pistillate fruits of grafted tree 6.73 ± 0.50 a 6.33 ± 0.52 a 5.59 ± 0.59 a 125.92 ± 25.49 a 0.11 ± 0.02 a 1 156.74 ± 176.82 a 嫁接树两性花果实
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