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安徽省玉米栽培的现状与展望

花匠小妙招
2025-10-21 20:50

[关键词]

[摘要]

经过多年的发展，安徽省玉米栽培体系已实现显著优化：种植制度由春播转变为夏播；品种类型由平展型更替为紧凑型；种植密度由不足45000株/hm2提高到60000株/hm2以上；施肥量由用量不足增加到满足玉米需求。但当前生产中仍存在耐密抗逆品种缺乏、播种期较晚、施肥方法不合理等问题；另一方面，加之安徽省地处南北气候的过渡地带，玉米生育期内降水时空分布不均，苗期涝渍、穗期卡脖子旱和花粒期干旱等制约因素限制，光温水热等资源利用效率低，导致产量潜力难以变成现实产量。针对上述安徽省玉米栽培上存在的问题，未来应构建以密植滴灌精准调控为核心的技术模式，通过应用耐密抗逆品种、导航精量早播、合理密植、水肥互促、病虫综合防控、延衰晚收和耕层优化等关键技术集成，实现良种良法良田良机良制综合配套，构建高质量玉米群体，充分挖掘资源利用效率，为安徽省玉米高产稳产提供系统化解决方案。

[Key word]

[Abstract]

Over decades of development, the corn cultivation system in Anhui Province has transitioned from spring sowing to summer sowing. The cultivated corn varieties have shifted from flat to compact type while planting density has increased from less than 45,000 plants per hectare to over 60,000. The fertilizer application has been optimized from insufficient amounts to demand-driven fertilization methods. However, corn production still faces challenges including a lack of stress-tolerant and high-density-adapted varieties, late sowing dates, and unreasonable fertilization methods. Additionally, due to Anhui Province is located in the transitional zone between northern and southern climates in China, the spatio-temporal uneven distribution of rainfall frequently causes severe constraints such as waterlogging at the seedling stage, drought during the tasseling stage, and drought at the grain-filling stage, and the low utilization rate of resources such as light, water, heat, etc., which make it difficult to turn yield potential into actual yield. In response to the problems in corn cultivation in Anhui Province mentioned above, a technology model centered on precise control of dense planting and drip irrigation should be established in the future. Key technologies such as density-adapted and stress-resistant varieties, navigation-guided precision early sowing, reasonable dense planting, synergistic water-fertilizer management, comprehensive pest and disease prevention and control, delayed aging and late harvest, and optimization of the tillage layer should be integrated, which will achieve comprehensive support of good varieties, good cultivation techniques, good field management, good mechanization, and good cultivation systems. By building a high-quality corn population, fully tapping resource utilization efficiency, systematic solutions will be provided for high and stable corn production in Anhui Province.

[基金项目]

国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0301307、2018YFD0300901)；安徽省农业科学院人才计划项目(QNYC-202116)；安徽省重点研究与开发计划项目(202204c06020007)。