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中国玉米栽培研究进展与展望

花匠小妙招
2025-09-02 10:53

摘要： 玉米是全球也是中国第一大作物，在保障国家粮食安全中占有重要地位。当前，面对经济社会的快速发展和人增地减、资源紧缺、生态环境恶化等一系列突出问题，玉米栽培学科正面临着严峻挑战和新的历史发展机遇，在此重要历史关头，回顾中国玉米栽培研究历程和科技进展，探索未来发展方向具有重要的意义。分析表明，经过60年不懈努力，玉米栽培研究的目标已由产量为主向高产、优质、高效、生态、安全等多目标协同发展，研究内容不断拓宽与深入，形成了具有显著中国特色的玉米栽培科学与技术体系。进入21世纪以来，玉米栽培研究进入黄金发展期，在栽培理论、关键技术创新与应用方面取得一系列重要突破，在保障国家粮食安全中发挥了重要的作用。围绕未来玉米生产对科技的需求，依据现代科技的发展趋势，笔者认为高产、优质、高效、生态、安全仍将是未来玉米栽培研究的主要目标，并提出今后20年重点研究的方向与任务：一是继续探索不同生态区玉米产量潜力及突破技术途径，努力提高单产水平；二是转变生产方式，围绕籽粒生产效率，以提高资源利用效率和劳动生产效率为目标，降低生产成本，提高商品质量，增强玉米市场竞争力；适度发展青贮玉米和鲜食玉米等，促进玉米生产向多元化方向发展；三是应对全球气候变化，开展抗逆、减灾、稳产理论和技术研究，实施保护性耕作，实现玉米可持续生产；四是依托现代信息技术，开展智能化栽培技术研究，实现玉米精准生产与管理；五是强化栽培学科基础研究，玉米设计栽培，夯实玉米科技研究和生产发展基础。

关键词: 玉米, 栽培, 科学和技术, 历史回顾, 发展战略

Abstract: Maize is the first major crop in China and in the world, it plays an important role in ensuring China’s food security. At present, in the face of the rapid development of economic society and a series of problems such as population growth and land reduction, resources shortage and ecological environment deterioration, maize cultivation science is facing new historic opportunities and challenges. In this crucial historical juncture, it is of great significance to review the scientific research and technical progress of maize cultivation in China and to explore the future development direction. Analysis shows that, the aim of maize cultivation research has been transformed from yield production to collaborative development of high yield, high quality, high efficiency, eco-friendly, security and other goals after 60 years of efforts. The research contents were gradually widened and further deepened with remarkable Chinese characteristics. Since entering into the 21th century, the research of maize cultivation has entered a golden development stage. In this stage, a series of breakthroughs in maize cultivation theory, key technology innovation and application have been achieved, which have taken a positive role in ensuring China’s food security. According to the demand of maize production for science and technology in the future and the development trend of modern science and technology, this article indicated that, in the future, high quality, high efficiency, eco-friendly, security will still be the main objectives of maize cultivation. In this article, the key directions and tasks of maize cultivation research in the next 20 years were put forward: (1) Continue to explore the potential of maize yield in different ecological areas and technologies that can realize these potentials, and make every effort to raise the level of yield per unit; (2) Transform the mode of production and take the improving efficiency of resource utilization and labor productivity as goals, reduce the production costs, improve product quality and the market competitiveness of maize; to develop silage and fresh maize so as to promote the diversified development of maize production; (3) In order to respond to the global climate change, carry out the theoretical and technological researches on yield stability and anti-disaster to realize the sustainable production of maize; (4) Based on modern information technology to carry out the researches of intelligent cultivation technology to achieve maize precise production and management; (5) Strengthen the basic researches of maize cultivation and tamp the researches on maize science and technology and the basement of maize production.

Key words: maize, cultivation, science and technology, historical review, development strategy