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优化控释尿素施用方式提高沙质低肥力土壤水稻产量和品质

花匠小妙招
2025-10-21 22:05

摘要:

目的

苏北黄河故道带低肥力沙性土壤保水保肥能力差，研究控释尿素施用技术对水稻产量和稻米营养品质与口感的影响，为该地区水稻优质生产的肥料管理提供科学依据。

方法

以中熟中粳水稻品种‘苏秀867’为材料，在苏北黄河故道带低地力沙性土壤上进行了2年田间试验。采用裂区设计，主区为控释肥和尿素复混全部基施 (BC) 与控释肥和尿素复混基施+穗肥施用尿素 (BC+PU) 2种施肥方式；副区为3种树脂包衣尿素，控释天数分别为80天 (CR80)、100天 (CR100) 和120天 (CR120)，控释肥与普通尿素复混比例为6∶4，BC处理所有肥料一次性基施，BC+PU处理中普通尿素一半基施一半穗期追施，总施氮量为270 kg/hm2，以常规尿素定量分施 (CK) 为对照，共7个处理。调查水稻产量及其构成因素、茎蘖动态、叶面积指数、干物质积累，测定稻米加工品质、外观品质、营养与蒸煮食味品质、淀粉RVA谱特征值。

结果

BC和BC+PU两区各处理水稻产量表现为CR80 > CR100 > CR120。相同控释尿素处理下，BC+PU处理的产量高于BC处理。BC+PU区3个控释肥处理以CR80的增产效果最好，两年产量分别为9.64和10.73 t/hm2，较CK处理分别增产5.32%和5.81%，这主要归因于其在稳定穗数的基础上，提高了总颖花量和结实率，且CR80处理的水稻中后期的叶面积指数和干物质积累量均较高，尤其是成熟期的叶面积指数显著大于CK，有利于光合产物积累。无论BC还是BC+PU施用方式，3个控释肥处理的稻米加工品质无显著差异。在外观品质和蒸煮食味方面，BC+PU区CR80处理与CK相比没有显著差异，而BC区CR80处理的直链淀粉含量、胶稠度和食味值较CK有所提高，RVA谱特征值中的峰值黏度、热浆黏度、最终黏度和崩解值上升，蒸煮食味品质较好；BC和BC+PU两区中，CR100和CR120处理的蛋白质含量均有不同程度的提高，垩白粒率和垩白度降低，稻米直链淀粉含量和食味值下降，RVA谱特征值中的峰值黏度、热浆黏度、最终黏度和崩解值下降，蒸煮食味品质较差。与BC处理相比，BC+PU处理稻米的外观品质和营养品质有所提升，蒸煮食味品质降低。

结论

在苏北黄河故道带沙性土壤上，采用释放期为80天的控释肥与尿素混合，采用基施+穗期追施尿素两次施肥方法，能够实现水稻的高产优质，但是降低蒸煮食味品质，而该缓释肥与尿素混合全部基施，虽然产量不是最高，但不会影响加工品质，且提高了蒸煮食味品质。

关键词: 水稻 / 控释尿素 / 控释天数 / 肥料运筹 / 产量 / 品质

Abstract:

Objectives

The sandy soil in the old Yellow River belt is low in capacity of water and nutrient retention. We studied the application technique of controlled-release urea to achieve high yield and quality of rice.

Methods

A 2-year field experiment was conducted in soil collected from the old Yellow River belt of northern Jiangsu Province. The medium-maturing medium-japonica rice cultivar Suxiu 867 was used in this study. The experiment was a split-plot design. The main plot was two fertilizer application methods: 1) controlled-release urea and conventional urea were mixed in 6∶4, and applied as basal fertilizer in one time (BC), and 2) with the same mix ratio as in BC, controlled-release urea and 50% of conventional urea applied as basal fertilizer, and the left 50% of conventional urea was top-dressed in the later panicle initiation (BC+PU). The subplot was resin-coated urea with controlled-release period of 80 (CR80), 100 (CR100) and 120 (CR120) days. 100% conventional urea with 4 times of application was used as the control (CK). Rice yield, number of stems and tillers, leaf area index (LAI), and dry matter accumulation of rice were investigated. The quality of processing and appearance, nutrition, cooking quality, eating quality, and RVA profile characteristics of rice were measured.

Results

The yields in both the treatments under BC and BC+PU were in order of CR80 > CR100 > CR120. With the same controlled release urea, the rice yield under BC+PU was higher than that under BC treatment. The CR80 achieved the highest yield under BC+PU plot, with the yield of 9.64 t/hm2 in 2018 and 10.73 t/hm2 in 2019, and 5.32% and 5.81% higher than that of CK (P < 0.05), respectively, which attributed to the increase of total number of spikelets and seed-setting rate on the basis of stabilizing panicle number. The LAI and dry matter accumulation of rice in CR80 were higher than those of the other treatments in the middle and late growth stage, especially at the maturity stage, the LAI was significantly higher than that of CK. No matter under BC or BC+PU plot, there was no significant difference among three types of resin coated urea in rice processing quality. There was no significant difference in appearance quality, cooking and eating quality, and the RVA profile characteristics of rice between CR80 in BC+PU method and conventional urea application. The CR80 in BC method increased the amylose content, gel consistency and taste value, and increased peak viscosity, trough viscosity, final viscosity and breakdown value, and improved the cooking and eating quality. In both BC and BC+PU methods, CR100 and CR120 treatments increased the protein content, reduced chalkiness percentage and chalkiness degree, and decreased the amylose content and taste value, which also caused a steady decline in peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity, and finally obtained a poor cooking and eating quality. Compared with BC treatment, BC+PU treatment improved appearance quality and nutrition quality, and reduced rice cooking and eating quality.

Conclusions

In the sandy soil of the old Yellow River belt, the resin-coated urea with 80 days releasing period showed optimum effect in yield and quality of rice. Application of all the resin-coated urea and half conventional urea as basal fertilizer and top dressing of the left urea at panicle initiation facilitates better coordination between quality and yield but reduces cooking and eating quality of the rice. Application of all the resin-coated and conventional urea as basal fertilizer does not affect rice processing quality, however, improves cooking and eating quality of rice, at the expense of yield slightly.

图 1 各类型控释肥在30℃水中养分累积释放曲线

Figure 1. N release rate of different CRFS in 30℃ water

图 2 不同处理水稻茎蘖数变化

[注（Note）：CK 为尿素4次分施对照，80、100、120表示释放期分别为 80、100 和 120 天的控释尿素；BC 表示所有肥料一次性基施；BC+PU 表示控释肥和一半尿素基施，剩余一半尿素追施 In the treatment codes, CK is conventional urea applied in four times, 80, 100 and 120 represent the controlled-release urea with release period of 80, 100 and 120 days; BC represent all the fertilizers basal applied in once, and BC+PU represent all the controlled-release urea and half of the urea are basal applied, and the left half urea is top-dressed at heading stage; 柱上不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著 (P < 0.05) Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant difference among treatments (P < 0.05).]

Figure 2. Number of rice stems and tillers under different treatments

表 1 不同处理水稻产量及其构成因素

Table 1 Yield and yield components of rice under different treatments

年份
Year处理
Treatment穗数
Panicle
(×104/hm2)每穗粒数
Spikelets per panicle总颖花量
Total number of spikelets
(×104/hm2)结实率
Seed-setting rate
(%)千粒重
1000-grain weight
(g)产量
Yield
(t/hm2) 2018CK339.00 ab106.82 abc3.62 b93.25 b26.65 b9.15 b80BC346.18 a107.92 abc3.74 ab93.44 b26.38 b9.39 ab100BC338.70 ab106.48 bc3.61 b93.70 b26.69 ab9.13 b120BC297.62 c103.39 c3.08 c95.42 a27.26 ab8.24 c80BC+PU340.63 ab111.58 a3.80 a95.24 a27.00 ab9.64 a100BC+PU332.25 b109.64 ab3.64 b95.33 a27.15 ab9.34 ab120BC+PU291.38 c105.09 bc3.06 c95.80 a27.56 a8.32 c2019CK368.85 ab110.56 bc4.08 b93.63 b26.28 c10.14 b80BC375.45 a112.37 ab4.22 ab93.80 b26.24 c10.35 ab100BC365.25 ab110.87 bc4.05 b94.11 b26.78 bc10.03 b120BC327.75 c105.63 c3.46 c95.89 a27.55 ab9.01 c80BC+PU367.45 ab116.22 a4.27 a95.71 a26.88 abc10.73 a100BC+PU358.35 b113.10 ab4.05 b95.84 a27.12 abc10.35 ab120BC+PU321.15 c106.94 c3.43 c96.22 a27.85 a9.25 c 注（Note）：CK 为尿素 4 次分施对照，80、100、120 表示释放期分别为 80、100 和 120 天的控释尿素；BC 表示所有肥料一次性基施；BC+PU 表示控释肥和一半尿素基施，剩余一半尿素追施 In the treatment codes, CK is conventional urea applied in four times, 80, 100 and 120 represent the controlled-release urea with release period of 80, 100 and 120 days; BC represent all the fertilizers basal applied in once, and BC+PU represent all the controlled-release urea and half of the urea is basal applied, and the left half urea is top-dressed at heading stage; 同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一年处理间差异显著 (P < 0.05) Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column indicate significant difference among treatments in the same year (P < 0.05).

表 2 不同处理水稻叶面积指数和叶面积衰减率

Table 2 Rice leaf area index and decreasing rate under different treatments

年份
Year处理
Treatment叶面积指数 Leaf area index (LAI)叶面积日衰减率
Daily LAI decreasing rate拔节期 Jointing抽穗期 Heading成熟期 Maturity 2018CK4.21 ab6.23 ab2.63 bc0.072 ab80BC4.31 a6.38 ab2.75 ab0.073 ab100BC4.14 ab6.18 b2.49 bcd0.074 a120BC3.48 c5.59 c2.29 d0.066 bc80BC+PU4.19 ab6.55 a3.01 a0.071 ab100 BC+PU3.93 b6.31 ab2.68 bc0.073 ab120 BC+PU3.16 d5.52 c2.41 cd0.062 c2019CK4.49 ab6.97 ab3.29 b0.074 a80BC4.61 a7.18 ab3.47 ab0.074 a100BC4.33 ab6.81 b3.08 b0.075 a120BC3.81 c6.09 c2.51 c0.072 ab80BC+PU4.43 ab7.41 a3.77 a0.073 ab100 BC+PU4.23 b7.10 ab3.41 ab0.074 a120 BC+PU3.62 c6.02 c2.63 c0.068 b 注（Note）： CK 为尿素 4 次分施对照，80、100、120 表示释放期分别为 80、100 和 120 天的控释尿素；BC 表示所有肥料一次性基施；BC+PU 表示控释肥和一半尿素基施，剩余一半尿素追施 In the treatment codes, CK is conventional urea applied in four times, 80, 100 and 120 represent the controlled-release urea with release period of 80, 100 and 120 days; BC represent all the fertilizers basal applied in once, and BC+PU represent all the controlled-release urea and half of the urea are basal applied, and the left half urea is top-dressed at heading stage; 同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一年处理间差异显著 (P < 0.05) Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column indicate significant difference among treatments in the same year (P < 0.05).

表 3 不同处理水稻各生育阶段干物质积累量及在全生育期中的占比

Table 3 Period dry matter accumulation and their ratio in the entire growing period of rice under different treatments

年份
Year处理
Treatment播种—拔节 Sowing to jointing拔节—抽穗 Jointing to heading抽穗—成熟 Heading to maturity收获指数
Harvest index干物质积累量
Accumulation
(t/hm2)占比
Ratio
(%)干物质积累量
Accumulation
(t/hm2)占比
Ratio
(%)干物质积累量
Accumulation
(t/hm2)占比
Ratio
(%) 2018CK4.17 bc22.48 b7.51 b40.47 ab6.87 ab37.05 bc0.493 b80BC4.46 a23.60 a7.75 ab41.01 a6.69 b35.39 c0.497 ab100BC4.18 bc22.68 b7.42 b40.22 abc6.84 ab37.10 b0.495 b120BC3.53 d21.08 c6.47 c38.65 c6.74 b40.27 a0.492 b80BC+PU4.31 ab22.43 b7.95 a41.41 a6.95 ab36.16 bc0.502 a100BC+PU4.05 c21.56 c7.66 ab40.78 a7.08 a37.66 b0.497 ab120BC+PU3.33 e19.72 d6.58 c38.96 bc6.97 ab41.32 a0.493 b2019CK4.16 a20.65 b8.16 ab40.49 a7.83 abc38.86 bc0.503 bc80BC4.32 a21.18 a8.27 ab40.53 a7.81 abc38.29 c0.507 abc100BC4.12 ab20.74 b7.94 b39.94 ab7.81 abc39.32 bc0.505 bc120BC3.54 c19.68 c6.87 c38.25 c7.56 c42.07 a0.501 c80BC+PU4.19 a20.05 c8.51 a40.75 a8.18 ab39.20 bc0.514 a100BC+PU3.89 b19.16 d8.19 ab40.32 a8.23 a40.52 ab0.509 ab120BC+PU3.47 c18.92 d7.09 c38.65 bc7.79 bc42.43 a0.504 bc 注（Note）：CK 为尿素 4 次分施对照，80、100、120 表示释放期分别为 80、100 和 120 天的控释尿素；BC 表示所有肥料一次性基施；BC+PU 表示控释肥和一半尿素基施，剩余一半尿素追施 In the treatment codes, CK is conventional urea applied in four times, 80, 100 and 120 represent the controlled-release urea with release period of 80, 100 and 120 days; BC represent all the fertilizers basal applied in once, and BC+PU represent all the controlled-release urea and half of the urea are basal applied, and the left half urea is top-dressed at heading stage; 同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一年处理间差异显著 (P < 0.05) Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column indicate significant difference among treatments in the same year (P < 0.05).

表 4 不同处理稻米加工和外观品质性状差异

Table 4 Differences in the quality of processing and appearance of rice among different treatments

年份
Year处理
Treatment糙米率
BR
(%)精米率
MR
(%)整精米率
HMR
(%)垩白粒率
CR
(%)垩白大小
CS
(%)垩白度
CD
(%)精米长
KL
(mm)精米宽
KW
(mm)长宽比
L/W 2018CK84.44 a75.16 a74.14 a14.22 ab25.97 ab3.69 ab4.72 a2.74 a1.72 a80BC84.15 a75.16 a73.99 a14.73 a26.46 a3.90 a4.70 a2.72 a1.73 a100BC84.32 a75.33 a74.49 a13.66 bc25.87 ab3.53 bc4.74 a2.73 a1.73 a120BC84.51 a75.36 a74.50 a12.94 cd24.69 b3.19 d4.76 a2.78 a1.71 a80BC+PU84.31 a75.18 a74.45 a13.47 bc25.73 ab3.47 bc4.72 a2.74 a1.72 a100BC+PU84.69 a75.57 a74.64 a12.93 cd25.32 ab3.27 cd4.75 a2.74 a1.73 a120BC+PU84.80 a75.59 a74.84 a12.28 d24.55 b3.01 d4.77 a2.80 a1.70 a2019CK84.05 a75.60 a67.89 a14.21 ab26.45 ab3.76 ab4.74 a2.71 a1.75 a80BC83.82 a75.21 a67.44 a14.52 a26.87 a3.90 a4.73 a2.68 a1.76 a100BC83.97 a75.45 a67.72 a13.91 ab26.35 ab3.67 ab4.73 a2.72 a1.74 a120BC84.10 a75.88 a69.23 a12.94 bcd24.88 c3.22 cd4.84 a2.77 a1.75 a80BC+PU83.95 a75.26 a67.84 a13.67 abc25.73 abc3.52 bc4.74 a2.70 a1.76 a100BC+PU84.00 a75.65 a68.24 a12.53 cd25.31 bc3.17 cd4.78 a2.73 a1.75 a120BC+PU84.28 a75.98 a69.47 a12.19 d24.43 c2.98 d4.85 a2.78 a1.74 a 注（Note）：CK 为尿素 4 次分施对照，80、100、120 表示释放期分别为 80、100 和 120 天的控释尿素；BC 表示所有肥料一次性基施；BC+PU 表示控释肥和一半尿素基施，剩余一半尿素追施 In the treatment codes, CK is conventional urea applied in four times, 80, 100 and 120 represent the controlled-release urea with release period of 80, 100 and 120 days; BC represent all the fertilizers basal applied in once, and BC+PU represent all the controlled-release urea and half of the urea are basal applied, and the left half urea is top-dressed at heading stage; BR—Brown rice rate; MR—Milled rice rate; HMR—Head milled rice rate; CR—Chalkiness rate; CS—Chalkiness size; CD—Chalkiness degree; KL—Kernel length; KW—Kernel width; L/W—Ratio of length to width; 同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一年处理间差异显著 (P < 0.05) Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column indicate significant difference among treatments in the same year (P < 0.05).

表 5 不同处理下的稻米蒸煮食味品质和营养品质性状差异

Table 5 Differences in cooking taste and nutritional quality traits of rice under different treatments

年份
Year处理
Treatment直链淀粉 (%)
Amylose胶稠度 (mm)
Gel consistency蛋白质 (%)
Protein content食味值
Taste value硬度
Hardness黏度
Viscosity 2018CK16.66 a85.0 a8.95 b65.06 ab7.13 ab6.65 ab80BC16.74 a86.5 a9.00 b66.53 a7.00 b6.84 a100BC16.55 ab85.4 a9.03 b65.20 ab7.05 ab6.67 ab120BC16.03 bc84.0 a9.25 ab62.98 bcd7.40 ab6.17 cd80BC+PU16.39 ab84.8 a9.15 ab64.05 bc7.21 ab6.37 bc100BC+PU16.32 ab84.2 a9.18 ab62.12 cd7.25 ab6.01 cd120BC+PU15.61 c83.6 a9.40 a61.13 d7.48 a5.81 d2019CK16.15 a84.5 a9.12 b62.25 abc7.20 bc5.80 bc80BC16.41 a84.5 a9.18 ab64.25 a7.00 c6.13 a100BC16.24 a84.3 a9.23 ab63.50 ab7.13 bc5.93 ab120BC15.89 a82.3 a9.41 ab60.00 bcd7.40 b5.63 cd80BC+PU16.24 a84.0 a9.34 ab60.25 bcd7.40 b5.65 c100BC+PU15.80 ab83.0 a9.49 ab59.25 cd7.45 b5.43 d120BC+PU15.18 b81.8 a9.62 a58.25 d7.83 a5.19 e 注（Note）：CK 为尿素 4 次分施对照；80、100、120 表示释放期分别为 80、100 和 120 天的控释尿素；BC 表示所有肥料一次性基施；BC+PU 表示控释肥和一半尿素基施，剩余一半尿素追施 In the treatment codes, CK is conventional urea applied in four times, 80, 100 and 120 represent the controlled-release urea with release period of 80, 100 and 120 days; BC represent all the fertilizers basal applied in once, and BC+PU represent all the controlled-release urea and half of the urea are basal applied, and the left half urea is top-dressed at heading stage; 同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一年处理间差异显著 (P < 0.05) Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column indicate significant difference among treatments in the same year (P < 0.05).

表 6 不同处理下的稻米RVA谱特征

Table 6 RVA profile characteristics of rice under different treatments

年份
Year处理
Treatment峰值黏度 (cP)
Peak viscosity热浆黏度 (cP)
Trough viscosity崩解值 (cP)
Breakdown最终黏度 (cP)
Final viscosity消减值 (cP)
Setback回复值 (cP)
Consistence峰值时间 (min)
Peak time糊化温度 (℃)
Pasting temperature 2018CK2418 ab1518 abc899 ab2502 ab84 ab983 ab6.20 a74.40 a80BC2449 a1524 a925 a2524 a75 b1000 a6.27 a74.40 a100BC2421 ab1520 ab901 ab2504 ab83 ab984 ab6.20 a74.40 a120BC2310 c1454 bc856 bc2410 bc99 ab955 ab6.13 a73.60 a80BC+PU2359 abc1476 abc883 abc2448 abc89 ab972 ab6.20 a74.40 a100BC+PU2334 bc1464 abc870 abc2433 abc99 ab969 ab6.20 a74.40 a120BC+PU2279 c1453 c826 c2384 c105 a931 b6.07 a73.65 a2019CK2236 ab1296 a940 ab2259 ab23 ab963 ab6.10 a73.63 a80BC2285 a1324 a961 a2304 a19 b980 a6.10 a72.75 a100BC2251 ab1309 a943 ab2272 ab21 b964 ab6.07 a73.28 a120BC2175 bc1274 ab901 ab2200 bc25 ab926 b6.03 a73.63 a80BC+PU2205 ab1267 ab939 ab2226 ab21 b960 ab6.03 a73.95 a100BC+PU2181 bc1247 ab935 ab2205 bc24 ab959 ab6.03 a73.60 a120BC+PU2094 c1210 b884 b2133 c39 a923 b6.03 a73.60 a 注（Note）：CK 为尿素 4 次分施对照，80、100、120 表示释放期分别为 80、100 和 120 天的控释尿素；BC 表示所有肥料一次性基施；BC+PU 表示控释肥和一半尿素基施，剩余一半尿素追施 In the treatment codes, CK is conventional urea applied in four times, 80, 100 and 120 represent the controlled-release urea with release period of 80, 100 and 120 days; BC represent all the fertilizers basal applied in once, and BC+PU represent all the controlled-release urea and half of the urea are basal applied, and the left half urea is top-dressed at heading stage; 同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一年处理间差异显著 (P < 0.05) Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column indicate significant difference among treatments in the same year (P < 0.05). [1] 张福锁, 王激清, 张卫峰, 等. 中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径[J]. 土壤学报, 2008, 45(5): 915–924. Zhang F S, Wang J Q, Zhang W F, et al. Nutrient use efficiencies of major cereal crops in China and measures for improvement[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2008, 45(5): 915–924. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:0564-3929.2008.05.018

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