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长期有机肥无机肥配施对水稻氮素吸收、转运及产量的影响

花匠小妙招
2024-11-10 10:26

摘要：

基于25年定位试验,设置6个大田试验处理（CK,不施肥;NPK,常规施用化肥;1/4M+3/4NPK,25%有机肥替代化肥;1/2M+1/2NPK, 50%有机肥替代化肥;M,100%有机肥替代化肥;MNPK, 100%化肥+100%有机肥）,研究了长期有机肥无机肥配施对水稻氮素吸收和利用的影响。结果表明,水稻地上部N素总积累量与产量大小均表现为MNPK>1/4M+3/4NPK> NPK>1/2M+1/2NPK>M>CK,与NPK处理相比,MNPK和1/4M+3/4NPK处理的地上部氮素总积累量增加20.11%~27.86%、产量增加2.04%~12.42%。各处理花前N素转运量对籽粒贡献率（69.54%~84.60%）显著高于花后积累量对籽粒贡献率（15.40%~30.46%）,花前N素积累是水稻植株N素的主要来源。1/4M+3/4NPK处理的氮肥偏生产力及氮收获指数均高于NPK处理,分别提高16.42%、10.29%。有机无机肥配施比单施化肥处理显著改善了稻米品质,提高了籽粒氨基酸含量,其中,非必需氨基酸含量是必需氨基酸含量的2倍左右。长期施肥条件下,25%有机肥替代化肥处理在化肥减施基础上,可以提高肥料利用率、促进水稻养分吸收,是黄壤性水稻土地区实现水稻增产、品质提升的最佳施肥措施。

关键词: 水稻, 有机肥无机肥配施, 氮素养分, 氮肥利用率, 产量

Abstract:

Based on a 25-year location experiment, the effects of long-term combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on nitrogen absorption, utilization and yield of rice were studied. The results showed that, the total N accumulation and yield of rice aboveground were as follows: MNPK（100% chemical fertilizer+100% organic fertilizer）>1/4M+3/4NPK（25% organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer）>NPK（conventional chemical fertilizer）>1/2M+1/2NPK（50% organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer）>M （100% organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer）>CK（no fertilization）, compared with NPK, MNPK treatment and 1/4M+3/4NPK treatment increased total nitrogen accumulation in shoot by 20.11%~27.86% and yield by 2.04%~12.42%. The contribution rate of N transport before anthesis （69.54%~84.60%） was significantly higher than that of N accumulation after anthesis （15.40%~30.46%）, and N accumulation before anthesis was the main source of N in rice plants. The partial productivity and nitrogen harvest index of 1/4M+3/4NPK treatment were higher than those of NPK treatment, which were increased by 16.42% and 10.29%, respectively. The combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly improved rice quality and increased the amino acid content of grains, the content of non-essential amino acids was about twice as much as that of essential amino acids. Under the long-term fertilization condition, 25% organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer treatment, on the basis of reduced chemical fertilizer application, can improve the utilization rate of fertilizer and promote the absorption of rice nutrients, which is the best fertilization measure to achieve rice yield increase and quality improvement in the paddy soil area of yellow soil.

Key words: rice, proportion of organic fertilization and inorganic fertilization, nitrogen nutrients, nitrogen efficiency, yield

中图分类号:

S511.062