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油页岩废渣场的生态恢复

花匠小妙招
2024-11-13 01:29

第24卷第12期2004年12月生态学报ACTAECOLOGICASINICAVol.24,No.12Dec.,2004油页岩废渣场的生态恢复夏汉平,黄娟,孔国辉(中国科学院华南植物园,广州510650)

基金项目:广东省环保局科技研究开发资助项目(2001207);中国石化集团茂名石油化工公司(1999);国家自然科学基金资助项目(39870155)收稿日期:2004204221;修订日期:2004211222作者简介:夏汉平(1966),男,湖南汉寿县人,博士,研究员,主要从事恢复生态学与环境生态工程研究。Foundationitem:theScientificResearchandDevelopmentItemofGuangdongProvincialEnvironmentalProtectionBureau(No.2001207),MaomingPetro2ChemicalCompanyofChinaPetro2ChemicalCorporation,andNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(No.39870155)Receiveddate:2004204221;Accepteddate:2004211222Biography:XIAHan2Ping,Ph.D.,Professor,mainlyengagedinrestorationecologyandenvironmentaleco2engineering.摘要:油页岩开采带来一系列的生态与环境问题,但对油页岩废渣场进行生态恢复的历史还较短,也缺少系统专门的研究报道。国外对油页岩废渣的利用始于20世纪40年代,对废渣场生态恢复的研究始于20世纪60年代,均早于我国。由于废渣场的基质成分恶劣,缺乏一般的土壤结构,复垦难度大。一般有3种常规的复垦方法:不经处理直接栽种植物;常规的物理或化学处理后栽种植物;表土覆盖后再进行植被恢复。前2种方法均难产生显著效果,第3种见效较快,但工作量大。近年来,一些新技术,如生物降解、生物富集和生物强化技术等被发明并用来恢复油页岩废弃地,取得了较好的生态恢复与修复效果。我国从1985年开始,在广东茂名进行油页岩废渣场的生态恢复工作,先后对面积达114km2和617km2的2个大型废渣场(南排土场和北排土场)进行了治理,主要是采用生物修复技术中的植物修复来进行试验。南排土场经过19a的复垦演替成了郁郁葱葱的森林;北排经过5a的实践也取得了很好的恢复效果,一些幼林初步形成。然而,当前北排土场恢复实践中出现了一些很值得关注的现象,如乔木树种矮化、分枝增多等,但这些问题还有待进一步研究解决。此外,还探讨了油页岩废渣场开展生态恢复的步骤与原则。关键词:油页岩;废渣堆放场;生态恢复;植物修复;矿渣利用EcologicalrestorationofoilshalewastedumpsXIAHan2Ping,HUANGJuan,KONGGuo2Hui(SouthChinaBotanicalGarden,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Guangzhou510650,China).ActaEcologicaSinica,2004,24(12):28872893.Abstract:Miningactivitiesofoilshalealwaysresultinalotofecologicalandenvironmentalissues,andthereisashortageofspecificorsystematicreportsonsuccessfulrevegetationofoilshalewastedumpssofarduetoitsshortresearchhistory.Utilizationofoilshalewastesbeganinthe1940sandecologicalrestorationofwastedumpsstartedinthe1960s,bothofthembeingimplementedearlieroutsideChina.Itisdifficulttorevegetatewastedumps,becausethesubstrateconditionsareveryharsh,andwhat’sworseisthattheyaredevoidofnaturalsoilcomponentsandsuitablestructure.Generally,therearethreemethodstoadoptforrestoringwastedumps:(1)plantthevegetationsuchastreesorshrubsdirectlyontheuntreatedwastedump;(2)firsttreatthewastedumpwithcommonphysicalorchemicalmethods,andthenplanttreesorshrubsonit;and(3)coverthewastedumpwithtopsoilatfirst,andthenconductrevegetationwork.Theformertwomethodsaredifficulttogainsatisfactoryrestorationeffectswhilethethirdislabor2intensiveandconcernsaveryhighcostthoughitcanproduceagoodrestorationbenefit.Somenewtechniquestoacceleratetherestorationprocess,suchasbiodegradation,bioaccumulation,andbioaugmentation,havebeeninventedorintroducetotherestorationofoilshalewastedumpsinrecentyears.Furthermore,somebetterandmoreefficientutilizationandrehabilitationmethodshavebeenobtainedfromcountriessuchasEstonia,USAandAustralia.China’searliestrestorationresearchonoilshalewastedumpstartedin1985,whichwascarriedoutinMaoming,Guangdongprovince.Twolarge2scalewastedumps,whoseareasare114km2and617km2,respectively,havebeenrehabilitatedsincethen.Theprincipalmeasureforrehabilitationisphytoreclamation.Thesmallerwastedumphasbeen