植物根际土壤酶对重金属污染的响应机制研究综述
摘要:土壤酶是生态系统物质循环和能量流动过程中最活跃的生物活性物质，其活性是表征土壤质量好坏的一项重要生化指标。相比非根际土壤，根际土壤中的酶除来自微生物外，还可经由植物根部分泌。根际土壤酶活性更能体现整个土壤生态系统的物质循环过程。近年，重金属污染对植物根际土壤酶活性的影响引起了研究人员的广泛关注。在重金属的胁迫下，土壤酶活性会上升或下降，也可能无显著变化。低浓度的重金属能促进酶活性位点与底物的配合，使酶活性得以提升；通过结合酶分子上的基团或占据酶活性位点，重金属也能抑制酶的催化功能，从而降低酶的活性。本文通过大量文献调研，较系统地回顾和总结了根际土壤酶对重金属污染响应的研究现状和最新进展，探讨了重金属作用于根际土壤酶的主要影响途径，并对未来研究中应重点关注的方向进行了展望。
Abstract:Soil enzymes are the most active factor in the processes of material circulation and energy flow, and its activity is a very sensitive indicator for soil quality. Within the rhizosphere, enzymes can be excreted by both plant roots and microorganisms. Rhizosphere soil enzyme activities can more comprehensively reflect the carbon and nutrient cycles. In recent decades, the effect of heavy metal pollution on the enzyme activity of plant rhizosphere soil has gained extensive attention. Enzyme activities responds variously for different studies. Low concentration of heavy metals can promote the coordination of enzyme active sites and substrates to finally improve its activities. By binding to the functional groups on enzymes or occupying the active sites, heavy metals can also inhibit the catalytic function of enzymes, thereby reducing their activities. Through literature reviewing, this paper systematically summarized the research status and recent progress on the response of rhizosphere soil enzyme activities to heavy metal pollution, and the main mechanisms were also discussed.
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